Table 8.
Antibiotic resistance modulatory activity of leaves extract of Theobroma cacao.
| Antibiotics | Extract concentration | Bacteria MIC (μg/mL) and modulating factors (in bracket) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E. coli | E. aerogenes | K. pneumoniae | P. stuartii | P. aeruginosa | Modulating effect (%) | |||||||
| AG102 | AG100Atet | EA27 | EA289 | KP55 | KP63 | PS2636 | NEA16 | PA01 | PA124 | |||
| CHL | 0 | 64 | 8 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 32 | 64 | 32 | 64 | |
| CMI/2 | 32 (2) | 2 (4) | 32 (2) | 16 (4) | 16 (4) | 32 (2) | 32 (1) | 16 (4) | 32 (1) | 64 (1) | 70.00 | |
| CMI/4 | 32 (2) | 2 (4) | 64 (1) | 64 (1) | 32 (2) | 32 (2) | 8 (4) | 32 (2) | 32 (1) | 64 (1) | 60.00 | |
| KAN | 0 | 32 | 4 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 64 | 8 | 32 | 64 | 16 | |
| CMI/2 | 32(1) | 4 (1) | 8 (2) | 16 (2) | 32 (2) | 16 (4) | < 2 (≥4) | 16 (4) | 64 (1) | 16 (1) | 60.00 | |
| CMI/4 | 32 (1) | 4 (1) | 32 (2) | 16 (2) | 64 (1) | 16 (4) | 2 (4) | 16 (2) | 64 (1) | 16 (1) | 50.00 | |
| STP | 0 | 128 | 256 | 256 | 64 | 64 | 256 | 256 | 16 | 32 | 256 | |
| CMI/2 | 64 (2) | 128 (2) | 128 (2) | 64 (1) | 32(2) | 32(4) | 8 (32) | 32 (1) | 8 (4) | 128 (2) | 80.00 | |
| CMI/4 | 128 (1) | 256(1) | 128 (2) | 64 (1) | 64 (1) | 32(4) | 128 (2) | 32(1) | 16 (2) | 128 (2) | 50.00 | |
| CIP | 0 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 16 | 2 | |
| CMI/2 | 4 (2) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0.5 (2) | 8 (1) | <0.5(≥2) | 0.5(8) | 0.5 (4) | 8 (2) | 0.5 (4) | 70.00 | |
| CMI/4 | 8 (1) | 1 (1) | 4 (0.25) | 2 (2) | 16 (2) | <0.5(≥2) | 4 (1) | 2 (1) | 8 (2) | 0.5 (4) | 30.00 | |
| TET | 0 | 8 | < 0.5 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 4 | 32 | 16 | 16 | |
| CMI/2 | 4 (2) | < 0.5 (na) | 32 (2) | 16 (2) | 16(1) | 16 (2) | 4 (1) | 4 (8) | 8 (2) | 4 (4) | 70.00 | |
| CMI/4 | 8(1) | < 0.5 (na) | 32 (2) | 16 (2) | 16(1) | 16 (2) | 8 (2) | 16 (2) | 8 (2) | 4 (4) | 70.00 | |
| ERY | 0 | 64 | 8 | 16 | 64 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 32 | 16 | |
| CMI/2 | 32 (2) | 8 (1) | 8 (2) | 128 (1) | 32(2) | 8 (2) | 16 (1) | 8 (4) | 8 (4) | 8 (2) | 70.00 | |
| CMI/4 | 32 (2) | 8 (1) | 8 (2) | 64 (1) | 32(2) | 16 (4) | 16 (1) | 8 (4) | 16 (2) | 16(1) | 60.00 | |
CHL: chloramphenicol, KAN: kanamycin, STP: streptomycin, CIP: ciprofloxacin, TET: tetracycline, ERY: erythromycin; −: MIC not detected at up to 256 μg/mL; ( ): modulating factor; MIC: minimal inhibitory concentration; values in bold represent modulating factor ≥ 2.