Immunofluorescent staining for γH2AX (red punctate dots) localizes to sites of DNA
damage in nuclei of duct cells at 48 h after 15 Gy irradiation (scale bars = 5 μm).
Sections of submandibular gland isolated from control (A), 15 Gy
(B), IP WR+ 15 Gy (C), IP Am + 15 Gy (D), Ret
WR + 15 Gy (E), and Ret Am + 15 Gy (F) labeled with antibody
to γH2AX. Nuclei stained with DAPI. (G) Quantification of γH2AX foci, per
duct cell per field. All groups are significantly different from group a. Group e is
significantly different from all other groups. Group c is not different from all
members of group b. Group d is significantly different from all groups except c (mean
± SEM, n = 5, 1-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post hoc test
for multiple comparisons). Am, amifostine; IP, intraperitoneal; IR, irradiation; Ret,
retroductal; Sal, saline; WR, WR-1065.