Table 4.

Results per outcome variable

Outcome variable		Changes in adolescents with NSP	No changes in adolescents with NSP
Sitting posture	Cervicothoracic angle	Slightly decreased in adolescents with NSP, if not adjusted for gender [28] Decreased in adolescents with prolonged NSP, if not adjusted for gender [27]
	Craniocervical angle		Straker et al., 2008 [28]
			Straker et al., 2009 [27]
	Head flexion		Straker et al., 2008 [28]
			Straker et al., 2009 [27]
	Lumbar angle	More lordotic/smaller lumbar angle in adolescents with prolonged NSP after controlling for gender [27]	Straker et al., 2008 [28]
	Neck flexion		Straker et al., 2008 [28]
			Straker et al., 2009 [27]
	Pelvic tilt	Increased anterior pelvic tilt in adolescents with prolonged NSP after controlling for gender [27]	Straker et al., 2008 [28]
	Trunk angle	Decreased in adolescents with prolonged NSP, if not adjusted for gender [27] Slightly decreased in adolescents with NSP, if not adjusted for gender [28]
Standing posture	Body lean angle	Sway back posture = large trunk lean angle and body lean angle in boys with neck pain [24]	Dolphens et al., 2012 [23]
			Dolphens et al., 2014 [25]
	Craniovertebral angle	Anteroposition of the head = smaller craniovertebral angle in boys with neck pain; more lifetime doctor visits in girls with anteroposition of the head [23]
	Pelvic displacement angle		Dolphens et al., 2012 [23]
			Dolphens et al., 2013 [24]
			Dolphens et al., 2014 [25]
	Trunk lean angle	Increased trunk lean angle = increased posterior trunk tilt in boys with neck pain [23] Sway back posture = large trunk lean angle and body lean angle in boys with neck pain [24]	Dolphens et al., 2014 [25]
Trunk	Functional stability (Matthiass test)		Wirth et al., 2013 [29]
	Asymmetry (forward bending test)		Wirth et al., 2013 [29]
	Spinal mobility (fingertip-floor distance)		Wirth et al., 2013 [29]
	Endurance (sustained back extension test, abdominal curls)	Boys: lower odds for NSP when back muscle endurance reduced; girls: U-shape between NSP and back muscle endurance, higher odds for NSP when abdominal muscle endurance increased [26]
Upper limb	Upper limb power (seated basketball throw)	Boys: higher odds for NSP when upper limb power increased; girls: lower odds for NSP when upper limb power increased [26]
	Grip strength		Perry et al., 2008 [26]
	Shoulder flexibility (shoulder stretch)	Girls: lower odds for NSP when shoulder flexibility decreased [26]
Other	Coordination (single leg stance)		Wirth et al., 2013 [29]
	Motor competence (neurodevelopmental index)		Perry et al., 2008 [26]
	Lower limb power (standing long jump)	Boys and girls: higher odds for NSP when lower limb power increased [26]

NSP neck shoulder pain