Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population by net ultrafiltration Intensity
| ≤ 20 ml/kg/day (n = 475) | > 20 to ≤ 25 ml/kg/day (n = 166) | > 25 ml/kg/day (n = 434) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 61 (52–69) | 59 (51–71) | 58 (48–70) | 0.16 |
| Male sex | 301 (63.4) | 114 (68.7) | 218 (50.2) | < 0.001 |
| Race | ||||
| Caucasian | 380 (80) | 136 (81.9) | 335 (77.2) | 0.018 |
| African-American | 24 (5.1) | 6 (3.6) | 43 (9.9) | |
| Other | 71 (14.9) | 24 (14.5) | 56 (12.9) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 28.3 (24.2–34.3) | 27.7 (24.2–31.7) | 25.1 (21.9–29.3) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbid condition | ||||
| Hypertension | 169 (35.6) | 72 (43.4) | 161 (37.1) | 0.19 |
| Diabetes | 121 (25.5) | 34 (20.5) | 97 (22.4) | 0.33 |
| Cardiac disease | 84 (17.7) | 36 (21.7) | 99 (22.8) | 0.14 |
| Heart failure | 70 (14.7) | 30 (18.1) | 86 (19.8) | 0.12 |
| Vascular disease | 41 (8.6) | 16 (9.6) | 43 (9.9) | 0.79 |
| Liver disease | 164 (34.5) | 47 (28.3) | 107 (24.7) | 0.005 |
| Sequela from liver disease | 137 (28.8) | 43 (25.9) | 95 (21.9) | 0.056 |
| Malignancy | 23 (4.8) | 4 (2.4) | 14 (3.2) | 0.26 |
| Liver transplantation | 43 (9.1) | 13 (7.8) | 42 (9.7) | 0.77 |
| Multiple comorbidity | 298 (62.7) | 93 (56) | 252 (58.1) | 0.19 |
| Surgical admission | 321 (67.6) | 122 (73.5) | 301 (69.4) | 0.72 |
| Medical admission | 131 (27.6) | 37 (22.3) | 112 (25.8) | 0.72 |
| Admission for liver transplantation | 102 (21.5) | 31 (18.7) | 53 (12.2) | 0.001 |
| Baseline serum creatinine (mg/dl), median (IQR) | 1.029 (0.81–1.27) | 1.035 (0.83–1.3) | 1.032 (0.8–1.3) | 0.89 |
| Baseline eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | ||||
| > 90 | 107 (22.5) | 27 (16.3) | 91 (20.9) | 0.54 |
| 60–90 | 235 (49.5) | 97 (58.4) | 212 (48.9) | |
| 30–60 | 89 (18.7) | 30 (18.1) | 92 (21.2) | |
| 15–30 | 34 (7.2) | 8 (4.8) | 31 (7.1) | |
| < 15 | 10 (2.1) | 4 (2.4) | 8 (1.8) | |
| APACHE III score, median (IQR)a | 95 (70–118) | 91 (71–116) | 91 (69–112) | 0.27 |
| Sepsisa | 128 (26.9) | 39 (23.5) | 138 (31.8) | 0.08 |
| Mechanical ventilationa | 353 (74.3) | 129 (77.7) | 329 (75.8) | 0.66 |
| Vasopressora | 261 (54.9) | 87 (52.4) | 218 (50.2) | 0.36 |
| Oliguria before initiation of RRTb | ||||
| Stage 2 | 50 (10.5) | 9 (5.4) | 21 (4.8) | 0.017 |
| Stage 3 | 406 (85.5) | 154 (92.8) | 402 (92.6) | |
| MAP during RRT (mmHg), mean (SD)c | ||||
| All patients | 75.1 (0.58) | 77.5 (1.19) | 79.4 (0.62) | < 0.001 |
| CRRT only (n = 386) | 72.7 (0.70) | 72.4 (1.89) | 77.5 (1.01) | < 0.001 |
| IHD only (n = 210) | 85 (1.84) | 84.1 (2.85) | 82.1 (1.27) | 0.77 |
| CRRT and IHD (n = 487) | 74.5 (0.91) | 79.1 (1.66) | 79.7 (0.98) | 0.002 |
| Vasopressor dose (NE), median (IQR)c,d | ||||
| All patients | 0.11 (0.04–0.25) | 0.09 (0.03–0.21) | 0.09 (0.04–0.25) | 0.25 |
| Patients on CRRT only | 0.14 (0.05–0.30) | 0.13 (0.03–0.25) | 0.10 (0.03–0.28) | 0.31 |
| Patients on IHD only | 0.01 (0.01–0.03) | 0.06 (0.01–0.11) | 0.03 (0.01–0.07) | 0.67 |
| Patients on both CRRT and IHD | 0.08 (0.03–0.16) | 0.08 (0.02–0.16) | 0.07 (0.03–0.19) | 0.85 |
Data presented as n (%) unless stated otherwise
IQR interquartile range, BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration, APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, RRT renal replacement therapy, MAP mean arterial pressure, SD standard deviation, CRRT continuous renal replacement therapy, IHD intermittent hemodialysis, NE norepinephrine equivalents
aAt intensive care unit admission
bPatients were classified to have developed oliguria according to the maximum Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome criteria based on urine output [5]
cOn the day 1 of RRT
dAll vasopressors were standardized in terms of NE (Additional file 1: S3) [30–32]