Table 2. Surveillance of process and outcome indicators in European acute care hospitals, stratified by healthcare expenditure, United Nation regions, hospital size, rate of infection control nurses – the Prevention of Hospital Infection by Intervention and Training (PROHIBIT) survey, 2011–2012 (n = 297 hospitals).

Healthcare-associated infections under surveillance with particular procedures surveilled	Total		HCEa				United Nations regionb								Hospital sizec						ICN/1,000 bedsd
			Low		High		Eastern Europe		Northern Europe		Southern Europe		Western Europe		≤ 300 beds		301–600 beds		> 600 beds		≤ median		> median
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
	297		127		170		82		70		81		64		87		109		98		150		147
Healthcare-associated infections under surveillance
Bloodstream infections	251	85	112	88	139	82	79	96	58	83	65	80	49	77	67	77	96	88	85	87	127	85	124	84
• Hospital-widee,f	175	59	91	72	84	49	68	83	49	70	42	52	16	25	50	57	72	66	51	52	79	53	96	65
Pneumoniag	211	71	103	81	108	64	74	90	39	56	56	69	42	66	49	56	84	77	76	78	113	75	98	67
• Hospital-widee,h	97	33	67	53	30	18	49	60	20	29	22	27	6	9	26	30	42	39	29	30	48	32	49	33
Urinary tract infectionsh	187	63	101	80	86	51	74	90	28	40	49	60	36	56	49	56	69	63	68	69	103	69	84	57
• Hospital-widee,h	109	37	72	57	37	22	54	66	22	31	27	33	6	9	31	36	47	43	31	32	52	35	57	39
Clostridium difficile-associated infections	203	68	76	60	127	75	50	61	54	77	55	68	44	69	51	59	73	67	76	78	91	61	112	76
• Hospital-widee	191	64	71	56	120	71	45	55	54	77	51	63	41	64	46	53	69	63	73	74	86	57	105	71
SSI	254	86	112	88	142	84	75	91	63	90	62	77	54	84	68	78	92	84	91	93	129	86	125	85
Procedures
Cholecystectomy	130	44	71	56	59	35	48	59	22	31	33	41	27	42	31	36	57	52	42	43	71	47	59	40
Colon surgery	129	43	56	44	73	43	39	48	19	27	43	53	28	44	30	34	54	50	44	45	64	43	65	44
Caesarean section	126	42	63	50	63	37	45	55	35	50	23	28	23	36	26	30	54	50	44	45	62	41	64	44
Hip prosthesis implantation	164	55	57	45	107	63	32	39	48	69	48	59	36	56	40	46	65	60	56	57	75	50	89	61
Knee prosthesis implantation	138	46	42	33	96	55	24	29	41	59	43	53	30	47	33	38	57	52	45	46	57	38	81	55
Post discharge surveillance of SSI	148	50	54	43	94	55	35	43	40	57	43	53	30	47	39	45	59	54	48	49	64	43	84	57
Monitoring of alcohol-based handrub consumption	236	79	105	83	131	77	65	79	47	67	71	88	53	83	68	78	82	75	85	87	124	83	112	76
• Hospital-widee	215	72	95	75	120	71	57	70	46	66	65	80	47	73	59	68	80	73	75	77	114	76	101	69
Monitoring of hand hygiene compliancef	231	78	101	80	130	76	62	76	67	96	66	81	36	56	72	83	81	74	75	77	109	73	122	83
• Hospital-widee,c	173	58	79	62	94	55	48	59	62	89	38	47	25	39	59	68	64	59	49	50	79	53	94	64

FTE: full time equivalent; HCE: healthcare expenditure; ICN: infection control nurse; SSI: surgical site infection.

P values were calculated by logistic regression using generalised estimating equations, which account for cluster effects by country.

^a Low/high HCE defined as the share of the gross domestic product ≤ / > the European mean in 2010 (9%) [16].

^b Geographical regions according to United Nations grouping [15]; Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Western Europe.

^c Hospital size according to number of acute care beds; ≤ 300 beds, 301 – 600 beds, > 600 beds; information available for 294 hospitals.

^d FTE ICN (internal staff and external staff) per 1,000 acute care hospital beds ≤ / > the median of all participating hospitals (3.72 FTE ICN/1,000 beds).

^e Hospital-wide describes that the surveillance takes place in all units and wards of the hospital.

^f Differences between United Nations regions p < 0.05.

^g Differences between ≤ 300 beds / 301 – 600 beds / > 600 beds; p < 0.05.

^h Differences between low/high HCE; p < 0.05.