UV	Ultra-violet
α-MSH	α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
SCF	Stem cell factor
ET-1	Endothelin-1
NO	Nitric oxide
ACTH	Adrenocorticotropic hormone
MITF	Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
TYR	Tyrosinase
TRP-1	Tyrosinase-related protein 1
TRP-2	Tyrosinase-related protein 2
Dct	Dopachrome tautomerase
L-DOPA	3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
DQ	Dopaquinone
DHI	5,6-Dihydroxyindole
DHICA	5,6-Dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid
IQ	Indole-5,6-quinone
5-S-CD	5-S-cysteinyldopa
2-S-CD	2-S-cysteinyldopa
p38 MAPK	p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase
8-MOP	8-Methoxypsoralen
PMRP	Polygoni multiflori radix praeparata
EH	Ecliptae herba
RRP	Rehmanniae radix praeparata
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor
CGA	Chlorogenic acid
RA	Rosmarinic acid
BV	Bee venom
GSK3β	Glycogen synthase kinase-3β
PI3K	Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
MAPKs	Mitogen-activated protein kinases
EDCI	1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride
HOBt	1-Hydroxybenzotriazole
SAR	Structure-activity relationship
CREB	cAMP response element binding protein
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinases
AP-1	Activator protein-1
PKA	Protein kinase AA