Figure 19.

Qualitative and quantitative elemental characterization of MG-63 cells exposed to the highest concentration of Fe₃O₄@GEM, after 24 h of treatment: (A) morphology image resulted using secondary electrons signal (magnification 5000×); red circles and red squares mark the extracellular agglomerates of nanoparticles; yellow square an area free of extracellular nanoparticles; (B) carbon elemental mapping on A; (C) iron elemental mapping on A; (D) morphology image resulted using secondary electrons signal (magnification 5000×); red square marks the area, which was subjected to quantitative elemental analysis; (E) EDX spectrum on D (red square); blue arrows mark the absence of Fe in the EDX subjected area.