Table 1.
Principal components of essential oils of different oregano species.
| Oregano Species | Origin | Components | Yield * | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| H. patens | Mexico | Thymol, trans-piperitol, carvacrol acetate, carvacrol, camphene, β-myrcene, γ-terpinene, cis-p-mentha-1(7), 8-dien-2-ol, α-muurolene, α-calacorene, bulnesol, cadalene, viridiflorol. | NR | [16] |
| L. grandis | Brazil | Carvacrol (37.12%), p-cymene (11.64%), thymol (7.83%), β-caryophyllene (3.93%). | 2.7% | [38] |
| L. graveolens | Mexico | Thymol, carvacrol acetate, carvacrol, camphene, β-myrcene, γ-terpinene, cis-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol, viridiflorol. | NR | [16] |
| L. origanoides | Colombia | Thymol (78.7%), p-cymene (6.6%), γ-terpinene (2.7%), trans-β-caryophyllene (2.1%). | NR | [39] |
| L. palmeri | Mexico | Thymol, α-cedrene, trans-piperitol, eugenol, carvacrol acetate, β-selinene, γ-cadinene, spathulenol. | NR | [16] |
| O. acutidens | Mexico | Carvacrol (8.76–24.57%), p-cymene (14.25–22.37%), thymol (15.11–21.39%). | 5.0–6.0% | [40] |
| Turkey | Carvacrol (76.21%), p-cymene (7.42%), borneol (3.19%), γ-terpinene (1.38%). | 1.45% | [41] | |
| Turkey | Carvacrol (65.13%), meta-cymene (9.15%), trans-β-caryophyllene (4.43%), γ-terpinene (3.54%). | 3.1% | [42] | |
| O. x applii | Argentina | Thymol (30.77%), trans-sabinene hydrate (29.63%), γ-terpinene (4.4%), terpinen-4-ol (3.23%). | 1.83 ± 0.27 mg/g dw | [43] |
| O. ehrenbergii | Lebanon | Carvacrol (79.0%), p-cymene (4.4%), carvacrol methyl ether (2.7%), γ-terpinene (2.6%). | 3.19% | [44] |
| O. bilgeri | Turkey | Carvacrol (84.30–90.20%), p-cymene (3.40–5.85%), γ-terpinene (0.47–1.20%), thymol (0.69–1.08%). | 0.54–0.57% | [33] |
| O. libanoticum | Lebanon | β-Caryophyllene (26.8%), caryophyllene oxide (22.6%), germacrene D (17.2%), thymol methyl ether (10.5%). | 0.16% | [44] |
| O. majorana | Brazil | 1,8-Cineole (20.9%), terpinen-4-ol(20.4%), γ-terpinene (8.5%), p-cymene (7.0%). | NR | [45] |
| O. x majoricum | Colombia | trans-Sabinene hydrate (14.5%), γ-terpinene (14.0%), carvacrol methyl ether (6.0%), terpinen-4-ol (6.0%). | NR | [39] |
| Turkey | Limonene (88.01%), thymol (11.98%). | NR | [46] | |
| Argentina | trans-Sabinene hydrate (24.3–28.1%), thymol (12.1–17.4%), γ-terpinene (7.0–7.5%). | NR | [22] | |
| Argentina | trans-Sabinene hydrate (36.77%), thymol (17.77%), γ-terpinene (5.9%), α-terpinene (3.9%). | 3.9 ± 0.25 mg/g dw | [43] | |
| O. hypericifolium | Turkey | p-Cymene (34.33%), carvacrol (21.76%), thymol (19.54%), γ-terpinene (13.91%). | 2.9% | [47] |
| O. onites | Greece | Carvacrol (79.63%), γ-terpinene (3.89%), p-cymene (3.51%), β-caryophyllene (2.24%). | 3.62% | [18] |
| Greece | Carvacrol (62.6%), p-cymene (8.87%), γ-terpinene (8.45%), β-myrcene (2.92%). | NR | [48] | |
| Greece | Carvacrol (69.0–92.6%), p-cymene (0.5–9.5%), γ-terpinene (0.3–7.9%), borneol (0.8–5.5%). | 3.0–7.0% | [49] | |
| Turkey | Carvacrol (85.86%), γ-terpinene (4.43%), β-phellandrene (3.20%), p-cymene (1.83%). | 4.7 ± 0.06% | [21] | |
| Turkey | Carvacrol (83.97–88.65%), thymol (0.80–7.48%), γ-terpinene (2.63–6.15%), p-cymene (1.52–3.16%). | 2.5–3.2% | [50] | |
| O. syriacum | Egypt | Carvacrol (81.38%), p-cymene (8.48%), γ-terpinene (1.98%), β-myrcene (1.32%). | 5.5% | [51] |
| Egypt | Thymol (31.73%), γ-terpinene (14.32%), linalool (9.44%), terpinen-4-ol (7.68%). | 4.63% | [51] | |
| Egypt | Thymol (21.04%), γ-terpinene (18.96%), terpinen-4-ol (17.20%), α-terpinene (7.41%). | 0.6% | [52] | |
| Lebanon | Carvacrol (60.8%), p-cymene (8.4%), thymol (7.9%), γ-terpinene (7.5%). | 1.65% | [44] | |
| O. syriacum ssp. syriacum | Jordan | Thymol (51.8%), carvacrol (34.4%), p-cymene (3.9%). | 2.0–2.2% | [53] |
| Jordan | Thymol (72.4%), γ-terpinene (7.8%), p-cymene (5.4%), carvacrol (3.5%). | 2.0–2.2% | ||
| O. vulgare L. | Argentina | p-Cymene (26.00%), γ-terpinene (21.89%), terpinen-4-ol (16.29%), β-caryophyllene (8.25%). | NR | [54] |
| Argentina | Carvacrol (26.70%), p-cymene (15.20%), γ-terpinene (15.10%), terpinene (7.50%). | NR | [55] | |
| Argentina | γ-Terpinene (25.1%), terpinen-4-ol (16.7%), carvacrol (16.2%), α-terpinene (8.54%). | NR | [56] | |
| Argentina | γ-Terpinene (32.1%), α-terpinene (15.1%), p-cymene (8.0%), thymol (8.0%). | NR | [57] | |
| Argentina | Carvacrol (81.92%), γ-terpinene (4.49%), thymol (3.5%), p-cymene (3.07%). | NR | [58] | |
| Brazil | Carvacrol (73.9%), γ-terpinene (3.6%), thymol (3.0%), β-caryophyllene (2.8%). | NR | [45] | |
| Chile | cis-β-Terpineol (16.49%), thymol (13.26%), terpinen-4-ol (10.24%), α-terpineol (4.35%). | NR | [59] | |
| China | Carvacrol (30.73%), thymol (18.81%), p-cymene (10.88%), β-caryophyllene (8.21%). | NR | [37] | |
| China | β-Citronellol (85.3%), citronellol acetate (5.2%), β-citronellal (1.2%). | 0.7% | [60] | |
| China | Thymol (42.9%), citronellol (12.2%), β-caryophyllene (7.8%), p-cymen-2-ol (7.5%). | 0.3% | [60] | |
| China | β-Citronellol (75.0%), geraniol (7.7%), citronellol acetate (3.4%). | 0.3% | [60] | |
| China | 1,8-Cineole (20.8%), β-caryophyllene (10.2%), eugenol methyl ether (9.8%), citronellol (8.8%). | 0.3% | [60] | |
| China | Caryophyllene oxide (32.9%), β-caryophyllene (17.7%), citronellol (10.2%), germacrene D (9.8%). | 0.1% | [60] | |
| Colombia | Thymol (21.5%), p-cymene (21.0%), γ-terpinene (20.3%), α-terpinene (5.9%). | NR | [39] | |
| Greece | Carvacrol (63.03%), thymol (15.09%), p-cymene (10.47%), γ-terpinene (3.43%). | NR | [61] | |
| India | Carvacrol (35.02–62.81%), p-cymene (8.60–46.59%), γ-terpinene (2.49–19.11%). | 0.20–1.30% | [62] | |
| Iran | Carvacrol (29.85%), γ-terpinene (20.94%), α-himachalene (12.17%), β-pinene (11.67%). | 0.80% | [63] | |
| Iran | Carvacrol (23.54%), γ-terpinene (20.50%), thymol (15.41%), germacrene D-4-ol (9.26%). | 1.26% | [63] | |
| Iran | Carvacrol (59.37%), γ-terpinene (18.36%), cedrene (6.65%). | 1.66% | [63] | |
| Iran | Carvacrol (58.51%), humulene (11.46%), γ-terpinene (9.56%). | 0.93% | [63] | |
| Iran | Carvacrol (67.09%), γ-terpinene (7.71%), humulene (7.67%). | 1.36% | [63] | |
| Italy | Cavacrol (65.94%), p-cymene (9.33%), γ-terpinene (5.25%), β-caryophyllene (3.72%). | NR | [64] | |
| Italy | Carvacrol (71.8%), p-cymene (11.6%), β-caryophyllene (2.7%), linalool (1.8%). | NR | [65] | |
| Morocco | Carvacrol (34.0%), γ-terpinene (21.6%), p-cymene (9.4%), thymol (3.3%). | 2.7% | [66] | |
| Pakistan | β-Citronellol (72.7%), thymol (7.2%), citronellol acetate (5.9%). | 0.3% | [60] | |
| Poland | Carvacrol (26.38–36.72%), thymol (16.59–25.58%), γ-terpinene (10.06–16.11%), p-cymene (6.09–6.76%). | NR | [31] | |
| Portugal | Carvacrol (14.5%), β-fenchyl alcohol (12.8%), γ-terpinene (11.6%), δ-terpineol (7.5%). | NR | [67] | |
| Serbia | Sabinene (10.2%), terpinen-4-ol (9.3%), 1,8-cineole (5.8%), γ-terpinene (5.6%). | 0.17% | [68] | |
| Serbia | Carvacrol (64.5%), p-cymene (10.9%), γ-terpinene (10.8%), thymol (3.5%). | 1.5% | [69] | |
| Serbia | Carvacrol (64.5%), p-cymene (10.9%), γ-terpinene (10.8%), thymol (3.5%). | NR | [70] | |
| Serbia | Carvacrol (77.6%), p-cymene (5.14%), trans-β-caryophyllene (2.45%), linalool (2.44%). | NR | [71] | |
| Spain | Terpinen-4-ol (24.57%), carvacrol (16.09%), thymol (9.03%), γ-terpinene (6.20%). | 516 mg/plant | [27] | |
| USA | Carvacrol (17.9–81.8%), p-cymene (2.62–25.7%), γ-terpinene (2.5–19.4%), β-myrcene (0.58–6.06%). | 0.114–2.312% | [35] | |
| O. vulgare L. ssp. glandulosum | Algeria | Thymol (34.2%), carvacrol (30.5%), γ-terpinene (13.4%), p-cymene (6.6%). | 2.0–2.2% | [53] |
| Algeria | Thymol (51.1%), γ-terpinene (14.5%), p-cymene (7.5%), carvacrol (6.8%). | 2.0–2.2% | [53] | |
| Tunisia | p-Cymene (35.7–46.3%), thymol (18.4–39.1%), γ-terpinene (11.7–24.2%), carvacrol (1.7–15.1%). | 2.5–4.6% | [72] | |
| Tunisia | Thymol (31.8–46.1%), p-cymene (11.5–35.7%), γ-terpinene (24.0–27.1%), α-terpinene (1.9–3.2%). | 4.3–5.8% | [73] | |
| Tunisia | Carvacrol (65.01%), p-cymene (9.00%), γ-terpinene (4.25%), borneol (3.19%). | 1.87–3.42% | [74] | |
| O. vulgare L. ssp. gracile | Iran | Carvacrol (46.86%), γ-terpinene (14.16%), p-cymene (11.63%), carvacrol methyl ether (5.97%). | ≈2.0% | [29] |
| Turkey | Thymol (7.02–40.04%), carvacrol (8.21–33.21%), γ-terpinene (9.15–27.82%), p-cymene (3.07–23.52%). | 0.25–0.50% | [75] | |
| O. vulgare L. ssp. hirtum | Argentina | trans-Sabinene hydrate (22.9%), thymol (18.6%), γ-terpinene (7.1%), terpinen-4-ol (6.2%). | NR | [22] |
| Argentina | trans-Sabinene hydrate (17.9%), thymol (17.1%), terpinen-4-ol (9.5%), γ-terpinene (8.0%). | NR | [22] | |
| Argentina | γ-Terpinene (13.7%), terpinen-4-ol (11.2%), α-terpinene (9.9%), trans-sabinene hydrate (8.3%). | NR | [76] | |
| Colombia | Carvacrol (90.3%), thymol (3.5%), p-cymene (2.7%), γ-terpinene (1.0%). | NR | [39] | |
| Greece | Carvacrol (70.38%), p-cymene (8.17%), γ-terpinene (7.78%), β-myrcene (2.37%). | NR | [48] | |
| Greece | Carvacrol (90.29%), γ-terpinene (3.09%), p-cymene (2.25%), β-caryophyllene (1.81%). | 7.77% | [18] | |
| Greece | Carvacrol (81.28–91.21%), p-cymene (1.52–6.40%), γ-terpinene (0.49–4.01%), β-caryophyllene (0.94–2.03%). | 4.71–5.00% | [77] | |
| Greece | Carvacrol (56.46–82.70%), p-cymene (9.54–21.40%), β-disavolene (1.09–3.06%). | 0.63–4.25% | [78] | |
| Hungary | Carvacrol (82.75%), p-cymene (6.58%), γ-terpinene (5.78%). | 4.46% | [30] | |
| Italy | terpinen-4-ol (13.27–17.51%), γ-terpinene (14.58–14.95%), carvacrol (12.31–14.58%), p-cymene (8.43–10.07%). | 0.063–0.165% | [79] | |
| Italy | Thymol (37.9%), γ-terpinene (24.5%), p-cymene (16.3%), α-terpinene (4.3%). | NR | [80] | |
| Italy | γ-Terpinene (29.41%), thymol (26.86%), p-cymene (8.20%), α-terpinene (5.93%). | 5.4% | [81] | |
| Italy | Thymol (37.22%), γ-terpinene (26.37%), p-cymene (6.83%), α-terpinene (4.02%). | 2.4% | [81] | |
| Italy | Thymol (36.46%), γ-terpinene (20.77%), p-cymene (8.31%), carvacrol methyl ether (6.21%). | 3.6% | [81] | |
| Italy | Thymol (30.25%), γ-terpinene (25.89%), p-cymene (7.62%), carvacrol methyl ether (5.63%). | 4.2% | [81] | |
| Italy | Thymol y carvacrol (65.3–84.7%), linalool (0.1–2.6%), carvacrol methyl ether (0.4–1.9%). | 1.0–2.7% | [82] | |
| Italy | Thymol (18.16–56.37%), γ-terpinene (12.70–32.70%), p-cymene (8.22–10.30%). | 1.7–4.5% | [28] | |
| Lithuania | Carvacrol (72.4–88.2%), γ-terpinene (4.1–8.7%), p-cymene (2.0–3.2%), β-caryophyllene (0.9–3.0%). | 35.50–325.45 dm3/ha | [24] | |
| Serbia | Carvacrol (74.65%), p-cymene (5.87%), γ-terpinene (5.04%), trans-β-caryophyllene (1.76%). | 1.34% | [36] | |
| Turkey | Linalool (96.31%), β-caryophyllene (1.27%). | 7.31% | [83] | |
| Turkey | Carvacrol (80.09%), γ-terpinene (12.01%), p-cymene (1.72%), α-terpinene (1.58%). | 5.9 ± 0.02% | [21] | |
| O. vulgare L. ssp. virens | Argentina | trans-Sabinene hydrate (27.77%), thymol (26.1%), γ-terpinene (5.9%), α-terpinene (4.17%). | 2.17 ± 0.32 mg/g dw | [43] |
| Iran | (Z)-α-Bisabolene (39.17%), sabinene (11.52%), carvacrol (5.23%), β-bisabolene (4.24%). | ≈0.3% | [29] | |
| Portugal | α-Terpineol (0.1–65.1%), γ-terpinene (0.3–34.25), linalool (2.0–27.4%), carvacrol (0–34.2%), E-caryophyllene (2.4–11.0%). | 0.8–1.2% | [84] | |
| O. vulgare L. ssp. vulgare | Argentina | trans-Sabinene hydrate (23.4–27.2%), thymol (14.4–17.2%), terpinen-4-ol (7.8–11.0%), γ-terpinene (7.3–9.8%). | NR | [22] |
| Argentina | trans-Sabinene hydrate (32.47%), thymol (20.5%), γ-terpinene (15.47%), terpinen-4-ol (5.03%). | 1.97 ± 0.22 mg/g dw | [43] | |
| Iran | Thymol (37.13%), γ-terpinene (9.67%), carvacrol (9.57%), carvacrol methyl ether (6.88%). | 0.5% | [85] | |
| Italy | Spathulenol (18.6%), carvacrol (11.7%), β-caryophyllene (8.8%), terpinen-4-ol (5.6%). | 0.13% | [26] | |
| Italy | Carvacrol (14.3%), spathulenol (9.4%), β-caryophyllene (5.3%), terpinen-4-ol (5.0%). | 0.18% | [26] | |
| Lithuania | Sabinene (6.6–28.2%), β-caryophyllene (7.3–15.5%), E-β-ocimene (4.4–15.1%), allo-ocimene (7.7–12.1%). | 3.08–36.65 dm3/ha | [24] | |
| Turkey | Thymol (58.31%), carvacrol (16.11%), p-cymene (13.45%), γ-terpinene (4.64%). | 5.09% | [83] | |
| Poland | Sabinene (10.85–25.46%), Z-(β)-ocimene (9.10–16.33%), germacrene D (9.36–15.34%), E-caryophyllene (9.38–12.87%). | 0.66–0.86% | [86] |
* dry weight (dw); NR: not reported.