Table 1.

Pharmacological agents to treat type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that act on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), insulin or insulin sensitivity.

Class	Mechanism of Action	Main Examples (International Non-Proprietary Name)	Reference
DPP4 inhibitors (gliptins)	Prevent GLP1 hydrolysis	Sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin	[21,22]
GLP1R agonists (incretin mimetics)	Mimic GLP1 signaling	Exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, albiglutide, dulaglutide	[23]
Insulin secretagogues (sulfonylureas)	Stimulate insulin secretion	Glibenclamide, glimepiride	[24,25]
Insulin secretagogues (glinides)		Repaglinide, nateglinide, mitiglinide
Insulin sensitizers (thiazolidinediones/glitazones)	Increase insulin sensitivity	Rosiglitazone, pioglitazone	[27]