Table 1:
Beneficial and pathological roles of cytokines in pregnancy
| Cytokine | Beneficial roles | Citation | Pathological roles | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type I IFNs | Pregnancy recognition in ungluates (IFN-τ) | (Roberts, 2007) | Block in placenta development after ZIKV infection | (Yockey et al., 2018) |
| Mediates uterine artery remodeling in mouse models | (Murphy et al., 2009) | Microcephaly and cranial calcifications after genetic overexpression, possibly viral infection | (Crow et al., 2015) | |
| Correlates with pregnancy complications in patients with SLE | (Andrade et al., 2015) | |||
| IFN-γ | Mediates uterine spiral artery remodeling | (Ashkar et al., 2000) | Prevents implantation and toxic to embryo | (Robertson et al., 2018) |
| Induces abnormal cerebellar development when overexpressed in mouse brains | (Wang et al., 2004) | |||
| Mediates placental damage after Malaria infection in mouse models | (Niikura et al., 2017) | |||
| Mediates fetal resorption after Toxplasma infection in mouse models | (Senegas et al., 2009) | |||
| IL-1β | Upregulated during implantation in an evolutionary- conserved manner | (Griffith et al., 2017) | Mediates abnormal lung development after peripartum inflammation in mouse models | (Hogmalm et al., 2014) |
| Mediator of myometrial contraction during labor | (Oger et al., 2002; Tribe et al., 2003) | Mediates neuronal damage due to inflammatory preterm birth in mouse models | (Leitner et al., 2014) | |
| Sufficient to induce | (Sadowsky et | |||
| preterm labor in non-human primate models | al., 2006) | |||
| IL-6 | Upregulated during implantation in an evolutionary- conserved manner | (Griffith et al., 2017) | Induces autism-like phenotype and abnormal brain development in mouse models | (Smith et al., 2007) |
| IL-15 | Required for uNK cell recruitment and uterine spiral artery remodeling in mouse models | (Ashkar et al., 2003) | ||
| IL-17 | Induces autism-like phenotype and abnormal brain development in mouse models | (Choi et al., 2016) | ||
| LIF | Upregulated during implantation in an evolutionary- conserved manner | (Griffith et al., 2017) | ||
| Required for successful implantation in mouse models | (Stewart et al., 1992) | |||
| TNFα | Toxic to early embryo development | (Robertson et al., 2018) | ||
| Sufficient to induce preterm labor in non-human primate models | (Sadowsky et al., 2006) | |||
| Sufficient to induce neural tube defects after systemic maternal injection | (Weldon Taubeneck et al., 1995) | |||
| Mediates fetal demise in mouse models of LPS and poly(I:C)-induced | (Carpentier et al., 2011; Thaxton et al., 2013) | |||
| fetal resorption. |