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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychiatry Res. 2017 Jul 10;256:444–447. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.019

Table 3.

Blood cadmium levels in μg/L (mean ± SD) stratified by smoking status and depressive symptoms.

All Depressive symptoms + Depressive symptoms − p-value (t-test)
All 0.55 ± 0.64 0.79 ± 0.84 0.53 ± 0.62 < 0.01
Current smokers 1.18 ± 0.95 1.32 ± 0.96 1.16 ± 0.90 < 0.01
Never smokers 0.29 ± 0.21 0.29 ± 0.16 0.29 ± 0.21 1.0
Former smokers 0.40 ± 0.27 0.39 ± 0.28 0.40 ± 0.26 0.65

Depressive symptoms + was defined by a score greater than or equal to 10 on the PHQ-9. Raw data. Not adjusted for cotinine or pack years.