Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Residents with Dementia Admitted to a Nursing Home Stratified by the Median Differential Distance (DD)—0.9 km—from the Zip‐Code Centroid of the Individual's Residence to the Nearest Nursing Home with and without a Dementia Special Care Unit
| DD < Median | DD ≥ Median | p‐Value | Std. Mean Diff. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | |||
| n | 345,751 | – | 359,031 | – | – | – |
| Age | 83.1 | (8.2) | 82.9 | (8.4) | <.0001 | −0.02 |
| Female | 235,656 | 68.16 | 245,763 | 68.45 | 0.036 | 0.01 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 301,557 | 87.22 | 297,585 | 82.89 | <.0001 | −0.12 |
| Black | 32,112 | 9.29 | 43,493 | 12.11 | <.0001 | 0.09 |
| Married | 97,622 | 28.23 | 95,720 | 26.66 | <.0001 | −0.04 |
| Dual eligible | 97,968 | 28.33 | 120,542 | 33.57 | <.0001 | 0.11 |
| In an HMO | 53,423 | 15.45 | 52,702 | 14.68 | <.0001 | −0.02 |
| Hallucinations | 10,239 | 2.96 | 10,245 | 2.85 | .134 | −0.01 |
| Delusions | 20,716 | 5.99 | 19,686 | 5.48 | <.0001 | −0.02 |
| Bipolar | 5,873 | 1.70 | 6,409 | 1.79 | .049 | 0.01 |
| Schizophrenia | 6,412 | 1.85 | 7,966 | 2.22 | <.0001 | 0.03 |
| Anxiety | 52,371 | 15.15 | 54,522 | 15.19 | .012 | 0.00 |
| Cognitive impairment | ||||||
| Mild | 75,785 | 21.92 | 83,607 | 23.29 | <.0001 | 0.03 |
| Moderate | 212,557 | 61.48 | 213,371 | 59.43 | <.0001 | −0.04 |
| Severe | 57,345 | 16.59 | 61,996 | 17.27 | <.0001 | 0.02 |
| Depression | 130,640 | 37.78 | 131,221 | 36.55 | <.0001 | −0.03 |
| Hypertension | 235,855 | 68.22 | 247,485 | 68.93 | <.0001 | 0.02 |
| Diabetes | 83,103 | 24.04 | 89,951 | 25.05 | <.0001 | 0.02 |
| COPD | 47,817 | 13.83 | 51,155 | 14.25 | <.0001 | 0.01 |
| Congestive heart failure | 56,142 | 16.24 | 60,537 | 16.86 | <.0001 | 0.02 |
| Coronary artery disease | 98,868 | 28.60 | 101,725 | 28.33 | .010 | −0.01 |
| Stroke | 52,613 | 15.22 | 57,930 | 16.14 | <.0001 | 0.03 |
| Do not hospitalize | 9,788 | 2.83 | 9,191 | 2.56 | <.0001 | −0.02 |
| Do not resuscitate | 182,430 | 52.76 | 178,061 | 49.59 | <.0001 | −0.06 |
| Burrows behavior scale (1–10) (mean/SD) | 1.17 | (1.7) | 1.04 | (1.6) | <.0001 | −0.08 |
| ADL (1–28) (mean/SD) | 16.38 | 7.17 | 16.66 | 7.34 | <.0001 | 0.04 |
| Census characteristics of beneficiaries' zip code (mean/SD) | ||||||
| Median income | 50,471 | (17540.9) | 48,875 | (17532.1) | <.0001 | −0.09 |
| % Uninsured | 11.60 | (6.4) | 12.70 | (6.6) | <.0001 | 0.17 |
| % Public insurance | 33.44 | (9.4) | 34.71 | (9.6) | <.0001 | 0.13 |
| % Unemployed | 4.85 | (2.0) | 5.04 | (2.1) | <.0001 | 0.09 |
| % w/high school equivalence | 31.01 | (10.0) | 31.78 | (10.4) | <.0001 | 0.08 |
| % w/bachelor's degree | 18.10 | (8.0) | 16.93 | (8.1) | <.0001 | −0.15 |
| % ≥65 years old | 16.53 | (5.8) | 16.37 | (5.5) | <.0001 | −0.03 |
| % Living in a rural area | 18.32 | (27.6) | 23.59 | (31.6) | <.0001 | 0.18 |
ADL, activities of daily living; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HMO, health maintenance organization.