Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics
| Variables | All Hospitals with Complete Data (Used in Heckman Model) (N = 2,475) | Hospitals with Complete Data That Attested to Stage 2 MU (Used in Primary Model) (N = 1,812) | Hospitals with Missing Data (Largely Due to AHA IT Supplement Nonresponse) (N = 446–3,892)* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SDa | Mean | SDa | Mean | SDa | |
| Dependent variables: level of HIE | ||||||
| Percent of transitions with an SCR sent electronically | 41% | 24 | 39% | 24 | ||
| Percent of transitions with an SCR sent paper or electronic | 78% | 15 | 78% | 15 | ||
| Percent of SCRs sent electronically | 46% | 26 | 45% | 26 | ||
| Independent variables | ||||||
| Technology capability | ||||||
| Third‐party HIE vendor | 50% | 58% | Missing | |||
| EHR vendor is HIE vendor | 46% | 50% | Missing | |||
| Automatic PCP alerts | 54% | 62% | Missing | |||
| Active HIO participation | 60% | 68% | Missing | |||
| EHR capability | ||||||
| Less than basic EHR | 29% | 20% | Missing | |||
| Basic EHR | 37% | 41% | Missing | |||
| Comprehensive EHR | 34% | 39% | Missing | |||
| Availability of potential exchange partners | 62% | 21 | 64% | 21 | 60% | 22 |
| Incentive | ||||||
| Market competition (HHI) | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.11 |
| Market share | 6.08 | 9.12 | 6.92% | 9.82 | 3.56 | 5.96 |
| Ownership | ||||||
| Government | 23% | 21% | 19% | |||
| Non profit | 62% | 68% | 41% | |||
| For profit | 15% | 11% | 39% | |||
| % Revenue capitated | 0.64% | 4.39 | 0.64% | 4.54 | 0.83% | 6.48 |
| % Revenue shared risk | 1.05% | 5.95 | 1.20% | 6.58 | 0.85% | 5.41 |
| System membership | 66% | 65% | 64% | |||
| Network membership | 41% | 45% | 24% | |||
| Control | ||||||
| Size | ||||||
| Small | 57% | 40% | 65% | |||
| Medium | 35% | 45% | 31% | |||
| Large | 8% | 15% | 4% | |||
| Teaching status | ||||||
| Nonteaching | 67% | 64% | 82% | |||
| Minor teaching | 26% | 28% | 16% | |||
| Major teaching | 7% | 8% | 2% | |||
| % Inpatient days medicaid | 20% | 16 | 20% | 15 | 16% | 15 |
| % Inpatient days medicare | 50% | 24 | 51% | 22 | 51% | 24 |
| Geographic setting | ||||||
| Metro | 65% | 64% | 69% | |||
| Micro | 15% | 16% | 13% | |||
| Rural | 21% | 20% | 18% | |||
| Hospital beds in market per 1,000 residents | 2.45 | 1.26 | 2.42 | 1.16 | 2.48 | 1.26 |
| Population in market (in 1,000s) | 360 | 650 | 315 | 553 | 395 | 661 |
| Hospital‐ambulatory integration | 6.42 | 1.93 | 6.42 | 1.87 | 6.29 | 2.00 |
*Sample size varies due to missing data.
a
For continuous variables only.
EHR, electronic health record; HHI, Herfindahl‐Hirschman Index; HIO, health information organization; PCP, primary care provider; SCR, summary care record.