Table 1.
Characteristics of Participating Older Adults at Baseline (n = 1,456), Overall, and Per Risk Profile
| Baseline Characteristics | Total | Complex Care Needs | Frail | Robust | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1,456) | (n = 365) | (n = 237) | (n = 854) | |||||
| Embrace | Care‐as‐Usual | Embrace | Care‐as‐Usual | Embrace | Care‐as‐Usual | Embrace | Care‐as‐Usual | |
| Number of participants | 747 | 709 | 187 | 178 | 122 | 115 | 438 | 416 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 80.7 (4.5) | 80.8 (4.7) | 81.8 (4.6) | 81.5 (4.9) | 81.6 (5.1) | 82.8 (5.5) | 79.9 (4.0) | 79.9 (4.1) |
| Female, n (%) | 405 (54.2) | 394 (55.6) | 121 (64.7) | 115 (64.6) | 82 (67.2) | 80 (69.6) | 202 (46.1) | 199 (47.8) |
| Widow(er), single, or divorced, n (%) | 320 (42.8) | 290 (41.0) | 87 (46.5) | 79 (44.4) | 77 (63.1) | 72 (63.2) | 156 (35.6) | 139 (33.5) |
| Low educational level, n (%) | 370 (49.9) | 374 (53.4) | 106 (57.0) | 116 (66.3) | 66 (54.1) | 69 (60.0) | 198 (45.7) | 189 (46.0) |
| Low household income, n (%) | 261 (35.7) | 231 (33.6) | 80 (43.5) | 77 (43.8) | 53 (44.5) | 51 (45.1) | 128 (29.9) | 103 (25.9) |
| Complexity of care needs | ||||||||
| IM‐E‐SA, median (IQR) | 10 (6–15) | 10 (6–15) | 19 (17–22) | 20 (17–24) | 12 (10–14) | 12 (9–13) | 7 (5–10) | 8 (5–10) |
| Frailty | ||||||||
| GFI, median (IQR) | 3 (2–6) | 3 (2–6) | 7 (5–8) | 7 (5–9) | 6 (5–7) | 6 (5–7) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) |
| Health‐related quality of life | ||||||||
| EQ‐5D‐3L, means (SD) | 0.79 (0.15) | 0.78 (0.16) | 0.65 (0.16) | 0.64 (0.17) | 0.74 (0.11) | 0.74 (0.13) | 0.86 (0.10) | 0.86 (0.09) |
| EQ‐5D‐VAS, means (SD) | 70.7 (17.5) | 69.8 (18.3) | 56.7 (16.7) | 53.8 (19.4) | 67.2 (15.6) | 70.0 (13.5) | 77.7 (14.1) | 76.5 (14.5) |
Low‐education means primary school, low‐vocational training, or less.
Low household income means less than EUR 1351 per month.
EQ‐5D, EuroQol Health‐related quality of life; GFI, Groningen Frailty Indicator; IM‐E‐SA, INTERMED Elderly Self‐Assessment; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.