Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics on Hospital Sample: Hospital‐Year Observations (Mean values with standard deviations in parentheses)
| Variable | DSH Status | Ownership Type | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High‐DSH | Not High‐DSH | Not‐for‐Profit | For‐Profit | Public | |
| Hospital financial performance | |||||
| Operating margina , b | −6.0% (18.8) | 0.4% (12.8) | −1.11% (12.5) | 4.54% (15.1) | −9.84% (19.9) |
| Total margina , b | 2.89% (11.2) | 5.94% (10.4) | 5.34% (9.8) | 6.73% (13.5) | 2.14% (9.3) |
| Hospital characteristics | |||||
| Proportion teachinga , b | 0.475 (0.50) | 0.322 (0.47) | 0.407 (0.49) | 0.225 (0.42) | 0.316 (0.47) |
| Proportion not‐for profita | 0.544 (0.50) | 0.720 (0.45) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Proportion for‐profita | 0.248 (0.43) | 0.172 (0.38) | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Proportion publica | 0.207 (0.41) | 0.108 (0.31) | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Proportion high‐DSHb | 1 | 0 | 0.199 (0.40) | 0.322 (0.47) | 0.386 (0.49) |
| No. of staffed/setup bedsa , b | 310.30 (277.7) | 224.84 (192.3) | 261.57 (228.6) | 191.46 (161.4) | 245.19 (233.3) |
| Proportion system memberb | 0.691 (0.46) | 0.711 (0.45) | 0.719 (0.45) | 0.912 (0.28) | 0.339 (0.47) |
| No. of tertiary servicesa , b | 18.93 (9.8) | 18.21 (7.9) | 19.68 (7.8) | 13.59 (8.6) | 18.68 (8.7) |
| % of inpatient days—Medicarea , b | 43.8 (12.8) | 53.5 (12.7) | 51.7 (12.9) | 52.8 (12.5) | 45.7 (15.7) |
| % Occupancy ratea , b | 59.1 (18.5) | 56.3 (16.6) | 59.1 (16.3) | 50.5 (16.8) | 56.0 (18.9) |
| Market characteristics | |||||
| Per capita income ($000)b | 43.1 (14.8) | 43.9 (11.3) | 44.6 (12.1) | 41.8 (10.1) | 41.8 (14.9) |
| % Uninsureda , b | 17.3 (5.8) | 14.2 (5.1) | 13.8 (5.1) | 18.1 (5.6) | 16.5 (5.0) |
| % African Americana , b | 18.1 (16.1) | 10.8 (11.2) | 11.8 (12.3) | 14.1 (13.6) | 14.7 (14.9) |
| % Hispanica , b | 23.3 (22.1) | 11.6 (11.7) | 12.6 (13.3) | 20.5 (20.7) | 15.1 (17.1) |
| % Population 65+a , b | 13.6 (2.8) | 15.3 (4.0) | 15.0 (3.5) | 14.5 (4.5) | 14.9 (3.8) |
| Proportion urban areab | 0.77 (0.42) | 0.75 (0.43) | 0.777 (0.42) | 0.772 (0.42) | 0.620 (0.49) |
| Herfindahl‐Hirschman Indexa , b | 0.474 (0.33) | 0.602 (0.31) | 0.563 (0.31) | 0.515 (0.31) | 0.689 (0.33) |
| No. of observations | 1,194 | 3,630 | 3,262 | 922 | 640 |
a
Significant difference between High‐DSH and not High‐DSH at p < .05.
b
Significant difference between ownership categories at p < .05.
DSH, disproportionate share hospital.