Table 4.
Estimated Effect of State Generosity of Medicaid for Parents by Mother's Education Status
| Health Insurance before Pregnancy | Health Insurance during Pregnancy | Pregnancy Intention | Prenatal Care Utilization | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Insurance | Medicaid | Prenatal Care | Delivery Care | Unintended Birth | Any Prenatal Care | Initiation | Adequacy | |||||
| No Insurance | Medicaid | No Insurance | Medicaid | As Early as Wanted | First Trimester | Kessner Index | Kotelchuck Index | |||||
| Parent Medicaid eligibility | ||||||||||||
| Mothers with <12 years of education | −0.208*** | 0.181*** | −0.141 | 0.172 | 0.038 | −0.002 | −0.061* | 0.019* | 0.133*** | 0.084* | 0.183** | 0.178** |
| (0.069) | (0.066) | (0.092) | (0.106) | (0.086) | (0.085) | (0.036) | (0.010) | (0.022) | (0.042) | (0.070) | (0.074) | |
| Sample mean | 0.526 | 0.298 | 0.147 | 0.656 | 0.083 | 0.743 | 0.528 | 0.977 | 0.780 | 0.676 | 0.564 | 0.620 |
| Mothers with >=12 years of education | −0.060* | 0.099*** | −0.061** | 0.080** | −0.037* | 0.039 | −0.022 | −0.009 | 0.033 | −0.000 | 0.067 | 0.066 |
| (0.032) | (0.032) | (0.022) | (0.030) | (0.021) | (0.032) | (0.024) | (0.008) | (0.026) | (0.020) | (0.062) | (0.073) | |
| Sample mean | 0.192 | 0.138 | 0.048 | 0.28 | 0.039 | 0.304 | 0.384 | 0.993 | 0.859 | 0.859 | 0.773 | 0.778 |
| N | 291,352 | 291,242 | 288,420 | 288,239 | 288,449 | 288,309 | 279,055 | 279,055 | 280,448 | 279,055 | 277,747 | 282,764 |
Author's analysis of the 1997–2012 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. This table reports the estimated coefficient for the simulated eligibility measure interacted with indicators for mother's education level in a regression that also includes state and year fixed effects, individual control variables (indicators for black and other races, Hispanic ethnicity, age group dummies, indicator for currently being married, and indicators for different amounts of schooling), and state–year measures of sociodemographic characteristics, economic conditions, and policies that may have influenced fertility decisions during this period. See text for additional details on these variables. Estimation sample is defined as women aged 20 years and older with a previous live birth. All regressions use PRAMS analytic weights and heteroskedasticity‐robust standard errors are clustered by state. The symbols ***, **, and * indicate statistical significance at the 1, 5, and 10 percent levels, respectively.