Table 2.
Summary of Results Reported by Included Articles on Rurality, Trauma, and Sexual Orientation
| Number of articles reporting results | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | Results description | Veterans and non-Veterans | Engaged and non-engaged | |||
| Low quality | Medium or high quality | Low quality | Medium or high quality | |||
| Rurality | Prevalence | No difference* | 2 | 6 | 3 | 5 |
| Higher for Veterans/engaged | 1 | – | – | 1 | ||
| Higher for non-Veterans/non-engaged | 1 | – | 1 | 2 | ||
| Mixed or unclear results | – | 1 | – | 2 | ||
| Health behaviors | – | – | – | – | ||
| Health services utilization | Rurality associated with lower utilization | – | 1 | – | 1 | |
| Mixed or unclear results | – | 1 | – | 1 | ||
| Health outcomes | No association of rurality with general health | – | 1 | – | 1 | |
| No association of rurality with mental health | – | 3 | – | 1 | ||
| No association of rurality with risk of hospitalization due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions | – | 1 | – | 1 | ||
| Trauma exposure | Prevalence | No difference* | 2 | – | – | 1 |
| Higher for Veterans/engaged | – | 4 | 4 | 1 | ||
| Higher for non-Veterans/non-engaged | 3 | 1 | – | – | ||
| Health behaviors | Trauma associated with more smoking | – | 3 | – | – | |
| Trauma associated with more heavy drinking | – | 2 | – | – | ||
| Unclear association with heavy drinking | – | 1 | – | – | ||
| Unclear association with lack of exercise | – | 1 | – | – | ||
| No association with drug use | 1 | – | – | – | ||
| Accounting for trauma reduced association of Veteran status with more smoking | – | 1 | – | – | ||
| Health services utilization | – | – | – | – | ||
| Health outcomes | Trauma associated with more depression | – | 2 | – | – | |
| Trauma associated with worse general health, days of poor physical health, and days of poor mental health | – | 1 | – | – | ||
| Accounting for trauma reduced association of Veteran status with greater disability | – | 1 | – | – | ||
| Unclear association with mortality risk | – | 1 | – | – | ||
| Sexual orientation | Prevalence | No difference* | – | 2 | – | – |
| Health behaviors | – | – | – | – | ||
| Health services utilization | – | – | – | – | ||
| Health outcomes | Sexual minority status associated with higher risk for all-cause mortality | – | 1 | – | – | |
Articles may have addressed more than one social determinant, and may or may not have examined the role of social determinants in health behaviors, health services access, and/or various health outcomes
*Non-significant difference or if no statistical testing, < 5% difference