Table 1.
Results from Experiment 1 (left) and Experiment (2) right.
| Experiment 1: Endpoint feedback, horizontal screen | Experiment 2: Online feedback, vertical screen | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TARGET ERROR | TARGET ERROR | ||||||||
| One-way ANOVA | F(2, 43) = 3.40 | P = 0.042* | ηp2 = 0.14 | f = 0.40 | One-way ANOVA | F(2, 26) = 1.55 | P = 0.23 | ηp2 = 0.11 | f = 0.35 |
| n | mean | sd | n | mean | sd | ||||
| CB | 16 | −1.00 | 4.11 | CB | 10 | −2.67 | 4.20 | ||
| PFC | 15 | 1.41 | 2.51 | PFC | 10 | −4.79 | 5.01 | ||
| SHAM | 15 | −3.94 | 8.53 | SHAM | 9 | −6.61 | 5.44 | ||
| post-hoc Tukey Tests | A priori t-tests | ||||||||
| p-value | Cohen's d | Hedges' g | t-statistic | p-value | Cohen's d | Hedges' g | |||
| CB x PFC | 0.46 | 0.71 | 0.68 | CB x SHAM | t(17) = 1.78 | 0.09 | 0.81 | 0.78 | |
| CB x SHAM | 0.32 | 0.44 | 0.43 | PFC x SHAM | t(17) = 0.76 | 0.46 | 0.35 | 0.33 | |
| PFC x SHAM | 0.03* | 0.85 | 0.83 | ||||||
| EXPLICIT AIMING ANGLE | EXPLICIT AIMING ANGLE | ||||||||
| One-way ANOVA | F(2, 43) = 2.03 | p = 0.14 | ηp2 = 0.086 | f = 0.31 | One-way ANOVA | F(2, 26) = 1.33 | p = 0.28 | ηp2 = 0.09 | f = 0.31 |
| n | mean | sd | n | mean | sd | ||||
| CB | 16 | 29.42 | 5.78 | CB | 10 | 10.15 | 11.36 | ||
| PFC | 15 | 33.35 | 6.37 | PFC | 10 | 17.26 | 6.33 | ||
| SHAM | 15 | 28.73 | 8.09 | SHAM | 9 | 15.56 | 11.99 | ||
| A priori t-tests | A priori t-tests | ||||||||
| t-statistic | p-value | Cohen's d | Hedges' g | t-statistic | p-value | Cohen's d | Hedges' g | ||
| CB × SHAM | t(29) = 0.27 | 0.79 | 0.10 | 0.10 | CB × SHAM | t(17) = −1.01 | 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.44 |
| PFC × SHAM | t(28) = 1.74 | 0.09 | 0.63 | 0.62 | PFC × SHAM | t(17) = 0.39 | 0.70 | 0.18 | 0.17 |
| SUBTRACTION OF AIMING ANGLE FROM TARGET ERROR (IMPLICIT) | SUBTRACTION OF AIMING ANGLE FROM TARGET ERROR (IMPLICIT) | ||||||||
| One-way ANOVA | F(2, 43) = 0.82 | p = 0.45 | ηp2 = 0.037 | f = 0.20 | One-way ANOVA | F(2, 26) = 2.93 | p = 0.071 | ηp2 = 0.18 | f = 0.47 |
| n | mean | sd | n | mean | sd | ||||
| CB | 16 | 15.29 | 5.48 | CB | 10 | 31.25 | 8.40 | ||
| PFC | 15 | 12.79 | 5.86 | PFC | 10 | 22.84 | 6.84 | ||
| SHAM | 15 | 13.41 | 5.74 | SHAM | 9 | 23.10 | 10.84 | ||
| A priori t-tests | A priori t-tests | ||||||||
| t-statistic | p-value | Cohen's d | Hedges' g | t-statistic | p-value | Cohen's d | Hedges' g | ||
| CB × SHAM | t(29) = 0.94 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.33 | CB × SHAM | t(17) = 1.84 | 0.083 | 0.84 | 0.81 |
| PFC × SHAM | t(28) = −0.29 | 0.77 | 0.11 | 0.10 | PFC × SHAM | t(17) = 1.74 | 0.95 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
Values for target error, explicit aiming angle, and subtraction of aiming angle (implicit component), all in units of degrees, during the rotation block, provided with mean and standard deviations (sd) for each experiment and group (CB, cerebellum; PFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; SHAM, sham control group). Significant p-values of p < 0.05 are shown in red; p-values of p < 0.10 are shown in orange.