Table 1.
Means (standard deviations) for baseline tasks grouped by first-phase condition (N = 36)
| Task | tDCS first | Sham first | F (1, 34) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Letter fluency (sum of words generated in one minute each for F, A, and S) [34] | 16.58 (10.22) | 11.81 (11.12) | 1.744 | .196 |
| Semantic fluency (sum of words generated in one minute each for fruits, animals, and vegetables) [34] | 13.84 (11.23) | 11.29 (7.68) | 0.538 | .469 |
| Object naming (BNT, 30 total) [35] | 13.50 (11.82) | 13.38 (9.97) | 0.001 | .974 |
| Action naming (HANA, 35 total) [36] | 15.00 (12.09) | 14.94 (9.46) | 0.000 | .987 |
| Digit span forward (9 total) [37] | 4.23 (2.09) | 4.13 (1.88) | 0.022 | .882 |
| Digit span backward (9 total) [37] | 2.88 (1.90) | 2.47 (1.66) | 0.453 | .506 |
| JHU sentence anagrams (10 total, in-house test) | 5.61 (3.43) | 5.57 (3.98) | 0.001 | .976 |
| Object semantics (PPT, 15 total) [38] | 13.6 (2.51) | 13.63 (2.39) | 0.439 | .513 |
| Action semantics (KD, 15 total) [39] | 12.69 (2.58) | 11.75 (3.34) | 0.792 | .381 |
| Sentence repetition (NACC, 37 words total) [40] | 27.50 (9.04) | 25.00 (9.78) | 0.547 | .466 |
| Syntactic comprehension (SOAP, 40 total) [41] | 27.14 (7.29) | 27.57 (7.76) | 0.023 | .882 |
| Verbal learning (RAVLT Delayed Recall, 15 total) [42] | 5.75 (2.19) | 3.71 (2.63) | 2.684 | .125 |
| Spelling words (JHU, % correct) [43] | 86.52 (17.58) | 80.98 (16.31) | 0.778 | .385 |
| Spelling nonwords (JHU, % correct) [43] | 76.13 (20.79) | 71.54 (21.66) | 0.324 | .574 |
Abbreviation: tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; BNT, Boston Naming Test; HANA, Hopkins Assessment for Naming Actions; JHU, Johns Hopkins University; PPT, Pyramids and Palm Trees; KD, Kissing and Dancing; NACC, National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center; SOAP, Subject-relative, Object-relative, Active, and Passive; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test.