Table 3.

Relationship between change in pain intensity and improvement in depressive symptoms in the study population (n = 260) at 6 months.

Independent variable	Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of depression improvement	P value
Pain intensity
No improvement	1	Reference
Improvement*	2.68 (1.48–4.86)	.001
Time since surgery (mo)	1.39 (1.04–1.86)	.024
Sex
Male	1	Reference
Female	1.15 (0.67–1.98)	.603
Age (y)
<65	1	Reference
≥65	2.18 (1.19–4.02)	.012

^*Improvement was defined as 2 points or a 30% reduction from preoperative pain intensity.