Table 2.

Levels of metabolites and hormones on day 0 and day 3, following a 12-h fast and 72-h fast, respectively

	Day 0 12-h fast	Day 3 72-h fast	p value
Glucose, mg/dL	85.1 ± 2.8	71 ± 2.0*	0.005
Free fatty acid, mmol/L	0.6 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.2*	0.015
Serum β-hydroxybutyrate, mmol/L	0.1 ± 0.0	2.3 ± 0.5*	0.008
Urine β-hydroxybutyrate, mmol/L	–	20 ± 13
Glucagon, pg/mL	56 ± 5.2	88 ± 7.0*	0.012
Insulin, µU/mL	3.1 ± 1.0	–
Epinephrine, ng/mL	50 ± 6.7	72 ± 4.8*	0.041
Norepinephrine, ng/mL	380 ± 63	540 ± 110	0.108
Acetate (12-C), µmol/L	152 ± 6.1	167 ± 20	0.106

Data are mean ± SE. Data omitted when values were below minimal detection limits of the assay

SE standard error

*Significant difference between 12- and 72-h values as determined by paired t tests, p value < 0.05