Table 3.
Distance (log km) separating parental ex-partners following separation (including fathers perceived pre-separation childcare involvement)
| Coef. | Std. Err. | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | 2.012* | 0.300 | 1.424 | 2.601 |
| Time (wave-years) (wi) | 0.105* | 0.030 | 0.047 | 0.163 |
| Time2 (wi) | −0.003 | 0.003 | −0.008 | 0.002 |
| Fathers perceived childcare involvement prior to separation (ref: mother more) | ||||
| Joint with partner | −0.374* | 0.182 | −0.730 | −0.018 |
| Father more | 0.502 | 0.392 | −0.265 | 1.271 |
| Marital status (ref: Married) | ||||
| Cohabiting | 0.001 | 0.190 | −0.371 | 0.374 |
| Household employment before separation (ref: both working) | ||||
| Neither working | 0.249 | 0.338 | −0.414 | 0.912 |
| Father not working, mother working | 0.008 | 0.331 | −0.641 | 0.656 |
| Father working, mother not working | 0.084 | 0.222 | −0.351 | 0.519 |
| Household education before separation (ref: neither have degree) | ||||
| Both have degree | 1.245* | 0.559 | 0.148 | 2.341 |
| Father has degree, mother has no degree | 0.527 | 0.353 | -0.164 | 1.219 |
| Father has no degree, mother has degree | −0.495 | 0.391 | −1.261 | 0.272 |
| Tenure of home before separation (ref: homeowner) | ||||
| Private rent | 0.101 | 0.291 | −0.469 | 0.670 |
| Social rent | −0.262 | 0.236 | −0.723 | 0.200 |
| Household income before separation (ref: 25th to 49th percentile) | ||||
| Below 25th | −0.314 | 0.258 | −0.819 | 0.192 |
| 50th to 74th | −0.097 | 0.224 | −0.535 | 0.341 |
| 75th and above | −0.072 | 0.270 | −0.602 | 0.457 |
| Household (im)mobility at separation (ref: father moves out, mother stays) | ||||
| Both move out | 0.799* | 0.225 | 0.359 | 1.239 |
| Father stays, mother moves out | 0.009 | 0.201 | −0.385 | 0.403 |
| Population density (log population per hectare) | −0.259* | 0.057 | −0.369 | −0.148 |
| Post-separation new partnership (ref: both single) | ||||
| Both new partners (wi) | −0.362* | 0.097 | −0.553 | −0.171 |
| Father new partner, mother single (wi) | −0.179* | 0.091 | −0.357 | −0.001 |
| Father single, mother new partner (wi) | −0.186* | 0.089 | −0.360 | −0.011 |
| Both new partner (bw) | 0.160 | 0.308 | −0.443 | 0.764 |
| Father new partner, mother single (bw) | 0.764* | 0.299 | 0.179 | 1.349 |
| Father single, mother new partner (bw) | 0.437 | 0.367 | −0.282 | 1.155 |
| New post-separation child(ren) (ref: neither new child) | ||||
| Both new child(ren) (wi) | −0.029 | 0.148 | −0.319 | 0.261 |
| Father new child(ren), mother no new child(ren) (wi) | 0.434* | 0.107 | 0.223 | 0.644 |
| Father no new child(ren), mother new child(ren) (wi) | 0.183 | 0.120 | −0.053 | 0.419 |
| Residence of pre-separation child(ren) (ref: father no child(ren), mother has child(ren)) | ||||
| Child(ren) no longer with parents (wi) | −0.167 | 0.248 | −0.652 | 0.319 |
| Both have child(ren) (wi) | −1.168* | 0.108 | −1.379 | −0.957 |
| Father has child(ren), mother has no child(ren) (wi) | −0.585* | 0.165 | −0.908 | −0.261 |
| Level-2 random-effects parameters | ||||
| σ 2u0 (Intercept variance) | 1.607 | 0.215 | 1.237 | 2.087 |
| σ 2u1 (Time (wi) slope variance) | 0.016 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.034 |
| σ u01 (Intercept–time (wi) covariance) | 0.084 | 0.024 | 0.037 | 0.130 |
| Level-1 residual: AR(1) | ||||
| ρ | 0.652 | 0.049 | 0.545 | 0.738 |
| Variance (residual) | 1.087 | 0.157 | 0.820 | 1.441 |
| Log likelihood | −2590.0173 | |||
| Wald χ 2 (degrees of freedom) | 292.74 (31) | |||
N.B. wi = within effect; bw = between effect. Sample 2: level-2 n j = 314, level-1 n ij = 1897. The large residual autocorrelation (ρ = 0.652) suggests that the AR(1) residual structure is necessary for accounting for intra-ex-couple dependency
* Indicates fixed-part estimates are statistically significant at the 95 percent level