Table 1.
Summary of baseline characteristics and follow-up data in patients undergoing one- or two-stage revision
| Overall | One-stage revision | Two-stage revision | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of participants | 1856 | 884 | 972 | |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
| Gender | N = 1743 | N = 864 | N = 879 | 0.922 |
| Males, n (%) | 926 (53.1) | 458 (53.0) | 468 (53.2) | |
| Females, n (%) | 817 (46.9) | 406 (47.0) | 411 (46.8) | |
| Age at baseline (years), mean (SD) | 65.1 (13.0) | 66.8 (12.4) | 63.4 (13.3) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | N = 365 | N = 56 | N = 309 | 0.151 |
| Yes, n (%) | 86 (23.6) | 9 (16.1) | 77 (24.9) | |
| No, n (%) | 279 (76.4) | 47 (83.9) | 232 (75.1) | |
| History of high alcohol consumption | N = 110 | N = 0 | N = 110 | |
| Yes, n (%) | 6 (5.5) | 6 (5.5) | ||
| No, n (%) | 104 (94.6) | 104 (94.6) | ||
| Physical measurements | ||||
| N = 631 | N = 269 | N = 362 | ||
| Body mass index in kg/m2, mean (SD) | 27.6 (6.6) | 27.5 (5.9) | 27.8 (7.0) | 0.580 |
| Medical and surgical history | ||||
| History of diabetes | N = 803 | N = 282 | N = 521 | 0.028 |
| Yes, n (%) | 131 (16.3) | 35 (12.4) | 96 (18.4) | |
| No, n (%) | 676 (83.7) | 247 (87.6) | 425 (81.6) | |
| History of hypertension | N = 340 | N = 157 | N = 183 | 0.501 |
| Yes, n (%) | 119 (35.0) | 52 (33.1) | 67 (36.6) | |
| No, n (%) | 221 (65.0) | 105 (66.9) | 116 (63.4) | |
| History of CVD | N = 403 | N = 161 | N = 242 | 0.714 |
| Yes, n (%) | 99 (24.6) | 38 (23.6) | 61 (25.2) | |
| No, n (%) | 304 (75.4) | 123 (76.4) | 181 (74.8) | |
| Comorbidity index | N = 785 | N = 282 | N = 503 | < 0.001 |
| No previously recorded disease categories, n (%) | 256 (32.6) | 45 (16.0) | 211 (42.0) | |
| One or two disease categories, n (%) | 433 (55.2) | 212 (75.2) | 221 (43.9) | |
| More than two disease categories, n (%) | 96 (12.2) | 25 (8.9) | 71 (14.1) | |
| History of previous PJI | N = 321 | N = 120 | N = 201 | < 0.001 |
| Yes, n (%) | 62 (19.3) | 47 (39.2) | 15 (7.5) | |
| No, n (%) | 259 (80.7) | 73 (60.8) | 186 (92.5) | |
| Previous hip surgery | N = 1060 | N = 809 | N = 251 | < 0.001 |
| Yes, n (%) | 825 (77.8) | 748 (92.5) | 77 (30.7) | |
| No, n (%) | 235 (22.2) | 61 (7.5) | 174 (69.3) | |
| Hip involved in index implantation | N = 1233 | N = 632 | N = 601 | 0.863 |
| Right, n (%) | 676 (54.8) | 348 (55.1) | 328 (54.6) | |
| Left, n (%) | 557 (45.2) | 284 (44.9) | 273 (45.4) | |
| Characteristics of infection before revision procedure | ||||
| Previous procedure performed to treat infection | N = 541 | N = 277 | N = 264 | 0.977 |
| Yes, n (%) | 137 (25.3) | 70 (25.3) | 67 (25.4) | |
| No, n (%) | 404 (74.7) | 207 (74.7) | 197 (74.6) | |
| Presence of abscess, sinus, draining wound, or fistula at presentation | N = 588 | N = 278 | N = 310 | 0.035 |
| Yes, n (%) | 160 (27.2) | 87 (31.3) | 73 (23.6) | |
| No, n (%) | 428 (72.8) | 191 (68.7) | 237 (76.5) | |
| Time from index implantation to infection (weeks), median (IQR) | 102.7 (36.6–299.2) | 154.3 (51.4–350.1) | 102.6 (32.6–268.5) | 0.142 |
| Time from infection to revision procedure (weeks), median (IQR) | 20.6 (8.4–51.4) | 30.0 (10.2–94.2) | 12.9 (6.4–34.3) | < 0.001 |
| Baseline data before revision | ||||
| C-reactive protein (mg/l), [N] median (IQR) | [680] 18.9 (6.1–54.0) | [248] 22.5 (9.0–56.5) | [432] 17.1 (5.8–50.5) | 0.052 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/h), [N] median (IQR) | [371] 47 (26–73) | [70] 41 (28–55) | [301] 51 (25–76) | 0.114 |
| Neutrophils/µl, [N] median (IQR) | [69] 4520 (2800–6000) | [23] 4800 (4100–6000) | [46] 3835 (99–5980) | 0.044 |
| WBC/µl, [N] median (IQR) | [285] 7380 (6020–9090) | [178] 7100 (5920–8580) | [107] 8030 (6630–10860) | 0.002 |
| Harris Hip Score, [N] median (IQR) | [171] 55.0 (48.0–60.0) | [12] 55.5 (43.5–63.5) | [159] 55–0 (48·0–60.0) | 0.656 |
| Characteristics of revision procedure and management | ||||
| Type of re-implantation | N = 122 | N = 89 | N = 33 | 0.201 |
| Cemented, n (%) | 91 (74.6) | 65 (73.0) | 26 (78.8) | |
| Cementless, n (%) | 23 (18.9) | 16 (18.0) | 7 (21.2) | |
| Hybrid, n (%) | 8 (6.6) | 8 (9.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Antibiotics in cement | N = 1092 | N = 758 | N = 334 | < 0.001 |
| Yes, n (%) | 750 (68.7) | 584 (77.0) | 166 (49.7) | |
| No, n (%) | 342 (31.3) | 174 (23.0) | 168 (50.3) | |
| Nature of spacer used | – | – | N = 293 | |
| Unknown, n (%) | – | – | 2 (0.7) | |
| Articulated, n (%) | – | – | 287 (98.0) | |
| Static, n (%) | – | – | 4 (1.4) | |
| Type of spacer | – | N = 183 | ||
| Unknown, n (%) | – | – | 1 (0.6) | |
| Handmade, n (%) | – | – | 167 (91.3) | |
| Commercial, n (%) | – | – | 15 (8.2) | |
| Antibiotics in spacer | – | – | N = 183 | |
| Yes, n (%) | – | 180 (98.4) | ||
| No, n (%) | – | 3 (1.6) | ||
| Duration between stages (weeks), median (IQR) | – | – | 14.5 (11.0–24.0) | |
| Duration of antibiotics use between stages (weeks), median (IQR) | – | – | 24.0 (4.5–24.0) | |
| After revision (follow-up) | ||||
| Duration of antibiotic use after revision surgery (weeks), median (IQR) | 12.1 (6.1–12.6) | 12.6 (12.0–12.6) | 1.3 (0.5–5.5) | < 0.001 |
| Duration of follow-up (years), median (IQR) | 3.7 (2.0–6.9) | 4.2 (2.0–8.1) | 3.3 (2.0–5.9) | < 0.001 |
| Harris Hip Score at follow up, median (IQR) | 86.0 (73.0–93.0) | 80.0 (52.0–90.0) | 87.0 (78.0–95.0) | 0.003 |
| Number of re-infections | 222 | 88 | 134 | |
CVD cardiovascular disease, IQR interquartile range, MR methicillin resistant, MS methicillin sensitive, PJI periprosthetic joint infection, SD standard deviation, WBC white blood cells