Table 2.
Clinical characteristics and risk factors for urinary tract infections in the study group
| Parameter | Patients with UTI n = 45 | Patients without UTI n = 241 | RR (95% CI) | P valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Age ≥ 75 years | 39 (86.7) | 171 (85.1) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 0.79 |
| Chronic diseases | ||||
| 1. Peripheral artery disease | 40 (31.1) | 42 (20.9) | 1.5 (0.9–2.7) | 0.14 |
| 2. Coronary artery disease | 42 (93.3) | 167 (83.1) | 2.5 (0.8–7.6) | 0.08 |
| 3. Chronic cardiac failure | 38 (84.4) | 137 (68.2) | 2.2 (1.0–4.7) | 0.03 |
| 4. Stroke | 11 (24.4) | 29 (14.4) | 1.7 (0.9–3.0) | 0.10 |
| 5. Diabetes/prediabetes | 22 (48.9) | 81(40.3) | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 0.29 |
| 6. Neoplasm | 7 (15.6) | 26 (12.9) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 0.64 |
| 7. Thyroid gland disease | 6 (13.3) | 36 (17.9) | 0.7 (0.3–1.7) | 0.46 |
| 8. Dementia | 19 (42.2) | 74 (36.8) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.50 |
| 9. Parkinsonism | 7 (15.6) | 35 (17.4) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 0.76 |
| 10. Depression | 26 (57.8) | 127 (63.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.50 |
| 11. Chronic arthritisb | 45 (100.0) | 196 (97.5) | – | – |
| 12. Chronic wounds | 8 (17.8) | 15 (7.5) | 2.1 (1.1–3.9) | 0.03 |
| 13. Chronic renal disease | 27 (60.0) | 86 (42.8) | 1.8 (1.0–3.0) | 0.04 |
| 14. Kidney stones | 5 (11.1) | 18 (9.0) | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) | 0.65 |
| Prostate hypertrophyc | 12 (26.7) | 50 (24.9) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 0.8 |
| Urinary incontinenced | 31 (68.9) | 117 (58.2) | 1.5 (0.8–2.6) | 0.19 |
| Fecal incontinencee | 2 (4.4) | 1 (0.5) | 3.8 (1.6–8.8) | 0.09 |
| Urinary catheter | 6 (13.3) | 2 (1.0) | 4.6 (2.8–7.5) | < 0.001 |
| RUTIf | 42 (93.3) | 97 (48.3) | 10.8 (3.4–33.8) | < 0.001 |
| Antibiotic in the last 12 months | 23 (51.1) | 61 (30.3) | 2.0 (1.2–3.4) | 0.008 |
| Hospital stay in the last 12 months | 18 (40. 0) | 62 (30.8) | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 0.24 |
| Albumin < 35 g/L | 9 (21.4) | 27 (14.3) | 1.5 (0.8–2.8) | 0.25 |
| Lymphocytes < 1.5 K/μL | 24 (53.3) | 86 (45.3) | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 0.33 |
| BMI > 30 kg/m2 | 14 (40.0) | 54 (31.8) | 1.3 (0.7–2.5) | 0.35 |
| Severe physical disabilityg | 11 (25.0) | 15 (7.9) | 2.7 (1.6–4.6) | 0.001 |
| Pressure sore riskh | 16 (37.2) | 36 (19.3) | 2.0 (1.2–3.4) | 0.02 |
n number of patients, BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, RR relative risk
aχ2 test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate, for categorical variables. Mann–Whitney test for interval variables
bRR countable only for “not having UTI”− 0.8 (0.8–0.9), P = 0.29
cMen only, n = 67
dDefined as any involuntary leakage of urine
eDefined as any involuntary leakage of feces
fRecurrent UTI defined as ≥ 2 UTIs in 12 months
gDefined as ≤ 20 points in Barthel Index
hDefined as ≤ 14 points in Norton scale