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Retinoic acid does not rapidly influence Aanat transcription. qPCR analysis of cultured rat pineal glands following 4-h treatment with vehicle control, norepinephrine (NE), NE + retinoic acid (RA), or RA. Values represent the fold change in mean mRNA expression compared to control, ± SEM. N = 3–4 glands per treatment. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001, compared to control treatment
