Table 1.
Study variables, measures, and data collection time points by domain
| Variable | Measure/question(s) |
|---|---|
| Child health domain | |
| Breastfeeding initiation | • Did you ever breastfeed or pump breast milk to feed your new baby after delivery, even for a short period of time? (Source: PRAMS) |
| Time point: ~2 weeks pp | |
| Breastfeeding duration and exclusivity | • Are you currently breastfeeding or feeding pumped milk to your new baby? (Source: PRAMS) |
| • How old was your baby when she/he completely stopped breastfeeding or being fed breast milk? (Source: NSCH) | |
| • How old was your baby when she/he was first fed formula? | |
| • Over the last 24 h, how many times did you breastfeed your baby? | |
| • Over the last 24 h, how many times did the baby receive formula? (Source: NSCH) | |
| Time point: ~2 months pp, ~ 6 months pp | |
| Breastfeeding self-efficacy | • Breastfeeding self-efficacy scale (BSES-SF) (Dennis 2003) |
| Time point: enrollment, ~ 2 weeks pp, ~ 6 months pp | |
| Introduction of solid foods | • How old was your baby when she/he was first fed anything other than breast milk of formula? (Source: NSCH) |
| • How old was your new baby the first time he or she ate food, such as baby cereal, baby food, or any other food? (Source: PRAMS) | |
| • How often have you added cereal to your baby’s bottle in the past 2 weeks? (Source: IFPS II) | |
| Time point: ~2 weeks pp, ~ 2 months pp, ~ 6 months pp | |
| Infant safe sleep | • How do you most often lay your baby down to sleep now? |
| • How often does your new baby sleep in the same bed with you or anyone else? (Source: PRAMS) | |
| Time point: ~2 weeks pp, ~ 2 months pp, ~ 6 months pp | |
| Prenatal care visits | • How many weeks or months pregnant were you when you had your first visit for prenatal care? (Source: PRAMS) |
| • How many prenatal visits did you have during the entire pregnancy? (ask at ~ 2 weeks only) | |
| Time point: enrollment, ~ 35 weeks, ~ 2 weeks pp | |
| Maternal health domain | |
| Parenting stress and support | • Parenting stress index 4—short form (Abidin 2012) |
| How often do you get the social and emotional support you need? | |
| Time point: enrollment, ~ 2 weeks pp, ~ 2 months pp, ~ 6 months pp | |
| Maternal depression | • Edinburgh postpartum depression scale (Cox et al. 1987) |
| Time point: enrollment, ~ 35 weeks, ~ 2 weeks pp, ~ 2 months pp, ~ 6 months pp | |
| Linkages and referrals domain | |
| Follow through with referrals | • Since you started the study, has anyone talked to you about services or resources in your community you may qualify for (such as WIC, a food bank, legal or immigration services, or a children’s group)? |
| • If yes, which services/resources did they talk to you about? | |
| • Have you called or visited any of the places they told you about? | |
| • Have you received any new services as a result of the referral? | |
| • If yes, list the services | |
| Time point: ~35 weeks, ~ 6 months pp | |
| Positive parenting domain | |
| Parenting practices | • HOME inventory (Caldwell and Bradley 1984) |
| Time Point: ~2 weeks pp, ~ 2 months pp, ~ 6 months pp | |
| Reading and singing | • During the past week, how many days did you or other family members tell stories or sing songs to your baby? |
| • During the past week, how many days did you or other family members read to your baby? (Source: NSCH) | |
| Time point: ~2 months pp, ~ 6 months pp | |