Table 3.
Urinary excretion of AAs and derivatives in children with celiac disease (N = 30): a comparison of the group supplemented with Synergy 1 and the placebo group at baseline and after 3 months of supplementation
| T0 | T1 | S-T0 vs. S-T1 | P-T0 vs. P-T1 | S-T1 vs. P-T1 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Synergy 1 (S) | Placebo (P) | S | P | |||||||||
| Av | SEM | Av | SEM | Av | SEM | Av | SEM | |||||
| Non-essential amino acids | ||||||||||||
| Alanine | Ala | 281.19 | 23.60 | 255.84 | 24.19 | 365.44 | 35.20 | 253.49 | 32.15 | 0.124 | 0.852 | 0.045* |
| Glycine | Gly | 1073.80 | 120.30 | 1056.63 | 170.99 | 1286.25 | 174.02 | 924.67 | 122.09 | 0.116 | 0.753 | 0.174 |
| Serine | Ser | 333.35 | 24.78 | 321.13 | 27.47 | 403.63 | 36.02 | 309.02 | 34.78 | 0.124 | 0.917 | 0.059 |
| Proline | Pro | 9.59 | 0.51 | 9.26 | 0.75 | 10.18 | 0.90 | 8.38 | 0.90 | 0.557 | 0.263 | 0.170 |
| Asparagine | Asn | 118.38 | 8.40 | 115.89 | 16.93 | 147.43 | 13.49 | 101.52 | 14.48 | 0.034* | 0.499 | 0.018* |
| Aspartic acid | Asp | 9.09 | 0.98 | 11.80 | 1.25 | 9.11 | 0.70 | 8.82 | 0.80 | 0.750 | 0.028* | 0.836 |
| Glutamine | Gln | 378.13 | 30.79 | 361.13 | 47.15 | 425.37 | 25.67 | 329.79 | 22.46 | 0.088 | 0.128 | 0.015* |
| Glutamic acid | Glu | 35.79 | 5.00 | 32.14 | 5.08 | 17.36 | 1.48 | 13.32 | 1.21 | 0.006** | 0.017* | 0.094 |
| Tyrosine | Tyr | 95.65 | 6.92 | 91.15 | 10.50 | 105.41 | 15.06 | 91.88 | 11.57 | 0.575 | 0.799 | 0.193 |
| Essential amino acids | ||||||||||||
| Valine | Val | 43.98 | 4.51 | 40.29 | 4.46 | 46.02 | 5.84 | 39.14 | 3.58 | 0.517 | 0.810 | 0.369 |
| Leucine | Leu | 33.42 | 2.54 | 31.43 | 2.80 | 37.64 | 5.90 | 30.62 | 3.63 | 0.310 | 0.866 | 0.153 |
| Isoleucine | Ile | 15.91 | 1.71 | 15.09 | 1.87 | 16.43 | 2.01 | 13.54 | 1.57 | 0.515 | 0.214 | 0.145 |
| Threonine | Thr | 121.01 | 9.87 | 116.83 | 14.40 | 149.31 | 17.63 | 114.96 | 18.08 | 0.240 | 0.767 | 0.142 |
| Methionine | Met | 16.74 | 2.66 | 16.80 | 2.90 | 16.80 | 3.48 | 13.18 | 1.76 | 0.794 | 0.043* | 0.306 |
| Phenylalanine | Phe | 50.71 | 4.36 | 46.42 | 5.57 | 59.79 | 7.31 | 43.11 | 4.51 | 0.532 | 0.678 | 0.045* |
| Lysine | Lys | 183.45 | 21.01 | 176.96 | 10.80 | 252.87 | 32.66 | 202.58 | 33.39 | 0.017* | 0.273 | 0.116 |
| Tryptophan | Trp | 60.43 | 4.25 | 65.20 | 8.17 | 71.08 | 9.41 | 64.43 | 7.32 | 0.646 | 0.859 | 0.278 |
| Histidine | His | 968.44 | 82.05 | 879.50 | 73.38 | 1228.07 | 196.18 | 795.39 | 112.43 | 0.273 | 0.893 | 0.068 |
| Other amino acids and derivatives | ||||||||||||
| α-Aminobutyric acid | Aba | 16.05 | 1.34 | 16.52 | 1.91 | 16.68 | 1.47 | 16.18 | 1.67 | 0.253 | 0.575 | 0.369 |
| β-Aminoisobutyric acid | Baib | 160.46 | 32.45 | 161.88 | 39.61 | 234.65 | 32.48 | 181.01 | 33.22 | 0.116 | 0.180 | 0.393 |
| α-Aminoadipic acid | Aaa | 35.99 | 4.05 | 32.41 | 5.08 | 42.18 | 3.51 | 37.95 | 5.96 | 0.041* | 0.128 | 0.203 |
| α-Aminopimelic acid | Apa | 12.87 | 2.14 | 15.38 | 2.36 | 17.01 | 2.01 | 10.42 | 0.39 | 0.075 | 0.110 | 0.013* |
| Ornithine | Orn | 33.35 | 3.95 | 34.69 | 4.68 | 35.41 | 3.60 | 31.15 | 3.69 | 0.155 | 0.779 | 0.163 |
| Hydroxylysine | Hly | 83.06 | 9.92 | 83.44 | 10.91 | 102.38 | 10.26 | 81.66 | 8.07 | 0.310 | 0.499 | 0.081 |
| Cystathionine | Cth | 109.91 | 10.50 | 118.54 | 13.04 | 124.39 | 26.99 | 147.71 | 17.06 | 0.753 | 0.310 | 0.597 |
| Cystine | C–C | 65.88 | 7.53 | 59.93 | 7.59 | 88.86 | 11.85 | 64.18 | 7.73 | 0.514 | 0.889 | 0.142 |
| Glycyl-proline | Gpr | 97.52 | 9.75 | 126.11 | 14.12 | 124.93 | 13.97 | 129.04 | 16.56 | 0.116 | 0.735 | 0.971 |
| Proline–hydroxyproline | Php | 917.24 | 92.63 | 949.76 | 101.12 | 708.86 | 63.85 | 949.32 | 105.60 | 0.225 | 0.917 | 0.597 |
Data are given as the mean with SEM in nmol/mL. Differences were considered significant as follows: (*) p < 0.05; (**) p < 0.01