Table 1.
Workload, heart rate and performance during laparoscopic and robotic suturing in self-paced and time pressure conditions.
| Self-paced | Time pressure | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SURG-TLX score (au) | ΔHR (bpm) | Task progression score (au) | Error score (mm) | Leak volume (mL) | Knot tensile strength (N) | SURG-TLX Score (au) | ΔHR | Task progression score (au) | Error score (mm) | Leak volume (mL) | Knot tensile strength (N) | |
| Laparoscopic suturing | 147.6 (52.2) | − 1.6 (3.2) | 6.0 (1.0) | 2.0 (2.0) | 16.0 (2.4) | 25.1 (74.4) | 202.1 (46.2) | 0.4 (4.4) | 4.5 (2.0) | 3.0 (3.6) | 18.1 (3.5) | 0.0 (15.4) |
| Robotic suturing | 115.9 (72.1) | 1.7 (2.5) | 6.0 (0.0) | 1.9 (1.8) | 15.5 (1.3) | 21.2 (52.8) | 183.9 (75.9) | 1.0 (1.5) | 5.0 (2.0) | 2.1 (1.9) | 18.3 (1.2) | 1.4 (13.1) |
SURG-TLX Surgical Task Load Index, ΔHR change in heart rate from rest to task, au arbitrary units, bpm beats per minute, mm millimetres, mL millilitres, N Newtons. SURG-TLX, ΔHR and Leak Volume data are mean values (SD). Task Progression Score, Error Score and Knot Tensile Strength data are median values (IQR)