Figure 2.

In vitro assessment of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-based sonodynamic therapy (SDT) with artesunate (ART). EMT-6 cells were incubated with 1 μM ART or 1 mM 5-ALA for 24 or 48 h, and then with 1 mM 5-ALA for a further 4 h. After rinsing with fresh medium, the cells were exposed to ultrasound (US). Cells were sonicated for 60 s at a frequency of 3 MHz and a power intensity of 3 W/cm², and a 20% duty cycle was used. Subsequently, the cells were re-incubated at 37 °C for 24 h in the dark. Following incubation, the cells were harvested and prepared for cell counting. * p < 0.05: ART + 5-ALA + US group vs. US. Results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation.