Table 3.
Associations between site-specific cancer prevalence and parenting measures by sex, English longitudinal study of ageing, 2007
| Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skin | Colorectal | Skin | Colorectal | Breast | |
| No. of participants | 1986 | 1986 | 2375 | 2375 | 2375 |
| No. of cases | 36 | 32 | 23 | 28 | 123 |
| Parenting summary score (both parents)—reversed (range 0—highest quality parenting to 42—lowest quality parenting) | |||||
| Model 1 OR (95% CI)a | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.09) | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.02) | 0.98 (0.92 to 1.05) | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.15) | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.02) |
| Model 2 OR (95% CI)b | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.10) | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.03) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.06) | 1.10 (1.04 to 1.17) | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.02) |
| Model 3 OR (95% CI)c | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.10) | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.03) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.06) | 1.10 (1.04 to 1.17) | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.02) |
| Model 4 OR (95% CI)d | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.12) | 0.96 (0.89 to 1.03) | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.06) | 1.11 (1.04 to 1.18) | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.03) |
| Maternal Care score—reversed (range 0—highest levels of care to 9—lowest levels of care) | |||||
| Model 1 OR (95% CI)a | 1.07 (0.89 to 1.29) | 0.98 (0.78 to 1.22) | 0.90 (0.71 to 1.13) | 1.09 (0.92 to 1.30) | 0.87 (0.78 to 0.96) |
| Model 2 OR (95% CI)b | 1.09 (0.90 to 1.32) | 1.00 (0.78 to 1.24) | 0.91 (0.71 to 1.15) | 1.11 (0.94 to 1.32) | 0.86 (0.78 to 0.96) |
| Model 3 OR (95% CI)c | 1.09 (0.90 to 1.32) | 0.99 (0.79 to 1.23) | 0.91 (0.72 to 1.16) | 1.11 (0.93 to 1.32) | 0.87 (0.78 to 0.97) |
| Model 4 OR (95% CI)d | 1.12 (0.92 to 1.36) | 0.99 (0.77 to 1.26) | 0.91 (0.70 to 1.17) | 1.10 (0.91 to 1.33) | 0.87 (0.78 to 0.98) |
| Maternal overprotection score (range 0—lowest levels of overprotection to 12—highest levels of overprotection) | |||||
| Model 1 OR (95% CI)a | 1.07 (0.90 to 1.27) | 0.88 (0.73 to 1.08) | 1.04 (0.85 to 1.27) | 1.32 (1.12 to 1.56) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.07) |
| Model 2 OR (95% CI)b | 1.08 (0.91 to 1.28) | 0.89 (0.73 to 1.08) | 1.05 (0.86 to 1.29) | 1.36 (1.15 to 1.61) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.06) |
| Model 3 OR (95% CI)c | 1.06 (0.89 to 1.27) | 0.88 (0.72 to 1.08) | 1.05 (0.86 to 1.30) | 1.37 (1.15 to 1.62) | 0.98 (0.89 to 1.07) |
| Model 4 OR (95% CI)d | 1.09 (0.91 to 1.32) | 0.87 (0.70 to 1.08) | 1.03 (0.84 to 1.28) | 1.39 (1.15 to 1.68) | 0.99 (0.90 to 1.09) |
| Paternal Care score—reversed (range 0—highest levels of care to 9—lowest levels of care) | |||||
| Model 1 OR (95% CI)a | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.18) | 0.87 (0.70 to 1.07) | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.19) | 1.10 (0.91 to 1.32) | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.11) |
| Model 2 OR (95% CI)b | 1.02 (0.85 to 1.22) | 0.88 (0.71 to 1.09) | 0.95 (0.75 to 1.21) | 1.12 (0.93 to 1.36) | 1.00 (0.90 to 1.10) |
| Model 3 OR (95% CI)c | 1.01 (0.84 to 1.21) | 0.88 (0.71 to 1.08) | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.20) | 1.13 (0.93 to 1.37) | 1.01 (0.91 to 1.11) |
| Model 4 OR (95% CI)d | 1.03 (0.85 to 1.25) | 0.87 (0.69 to 1.10) | 0.92 (0.72 to 1.18) | 1.14 (0.92 to 1.42) | 1.03 (0.93 to 1.15) |
| Paternal overprotection score (range 0—lowest levels of overprotection to 12—highest levels of overprotection) | |||||
| Model 1 OR (95% CI)a | 1.15 (0.96 to 1.38) | 0.89 (0.72 to 1.10) | 0.95 (0.76 to 1.18) | 1.38 (1.18 to 1.62) | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.13) |
| Model 2 OR (95% CI)b | 1.16 (0.97 to 1.39) | 0.90 (0.73 to 1.10) | 0.96 (0.77 to 1.19) | 1.42 (1.21 to 1.66) | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.13) |
| Model 3 OR (95% CI)c | 1.16 (0.97 to 1.39) | 0.88 (0.71 to 1.09) | 0.95 (0.76 to 1.18) | 1.42 (1.21 to 1.68) | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.14) |
| Model 4 OR (95% CI)d | 1.21 (1.00 to 1.46) | 0.87 (0.70 to 1.09) | 0.94 (0.75 to 1.19) | 1.49 (1.24 to 1.79) | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.16) |
OR Odds Ratio
Odds ratios denote change in the odds per unit change in the predictor
aThis is the unadjusted association
bModel 2 is adjusted for age
cAs model 2, plus adjustment for childhood socio-economic position (i.e. ownership of the first ever permanent residence, number of books in the household at age 10 years and father’s or main carer’s occupational class at age 14 years)
dAs model 3, plus adjustment for adult socio-economic position (i.e. education and total net household wealth), marital status, parenthood status, obesity (i.e. body mass index and waist circumference), memory, unhealthy behaviours (i.e. smoking and physical activity), social factors (i.e. social support and number of problems with social relationships), elevated depressive symptoms and positive affect