Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of participants.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 452) |
|---|---|
| Women, n (%) | 174 (38.5%) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |
| White European | 214 (47%) |
| South Asian | 151 (33%) |
| African Caribbean | 87 (19%) |
| Age | 71 ± 5 |
| Years of education§ | 12 ± 3 |
| Hypertension, n (%)† | 262 (58%) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%)† | 105 (23%) |
| Smoking, n (%)†§ | |
| Never | 149 (33%) |
| Ever | 226 (50%) |
| MRI-characteristics | |
| Left + right hippocampal volume, mL§ | 7.1 ± 0.7 |
| Total brain volume, mL | 463.4 ± 45.4 |
| Total white matter lesion volume in mL, median (IQR)§ | 5.8 (15.5) |
| Whole-brain HCT CBF¥ | 36.7 ± 6.3 |
| Cognitive test scores | |
| Global cognition (z-score) | 0.0 ± 0.7 |
| CSI-D | 30.4 ± 1.7 |
| Memory (z-score) | 0.0 ± 0.8 |
| CERAD total immediate | 18.5 ± 3.9 |
| CERAD delayed | 5.7 ± 1.9 |
| Executive functioning/attention (z-score) | 0.0 ± 0.7 |
| Digit span (forward) | 6.2 ± 1.2 |
| Digit span (backward) | 4.1 ± 1.3 |
| Color trails, part A* | 68.7 ± 37 |
| Color trials, part B* | 148.9 ± 66.9 |
| Language (z-score) | 0.0 ± 0.7 |
| Animal fluency | 18.9 ± 6.6 |
| Boston naming test¶ | 8.6 ± 0.6 |
MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CBF, cerebral blood flow; HCT, hematocrit level correction; IQR, interquartile range; CSI-D, community screening instrument for dementia; CERAD, consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease.
History of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and smoking status was determined based on self-reported medical history and/or medication use.
Missing values: years of education: 33/452; smoking status 77/452; hippocampal volume 2/452; white matter lesion volume 27/452.
CBF-values in mL/100 g/min.
Higher scores imply worse performance.
Boston Naming Test range: 0–9.
Data are presented as mean ± SD or number (percentage). z-scores allow comparison of neuropsychological test results within participants. Higher z-scores imply better performance on all tests.