Table 2.

Selected photocatalytic hybrid materials based on natural polymers used for degradation of organic contaminants.

Entry	Polymer Hybrid Materials	Target Contaminant	Light Source	Fabrication Method	Photocatalytic Behavior	Ref.
1	Titanium dioxide (TiO2) immobilized in cellulose matrix	Phenol	UV (6 W) light at wavelength of 254 nm was used. The mean light intensity equal to 0.56 mW/cm2.	Composite films have been prepared via a sol-gel method.	The composite films exhibited high degradation ratio (90% after 2 h of irradiation) without remarkable loss of photocatalytic activity after three times.	[85]
2	ZnAc/cellulose acetate (CA) composite nanofibers	Rhodamine B and phenol	Ultraviolet lamps (PHILIPS 365 nm) as the irradiation source.	Electrospinning technique in combination with calcination.	Almost 100% of Rhodamine B and 85% phenol (after 24 h) was decomposed in the presence of TiO2/ZnO composite nanofibers under mild conditions.	[104]
3	ZnO/cellulose hybrid nanofibers	Methylene blue (MB) and eosin yellowish (EY) dye	Tungsten lamp (500 W) was used as the visible light source.	A novel method that combines electrospinning and solvothermal techniques	Nearly 50% of Rhodamine B was decomposed after 24 h of irradiation under visible light.	[105]
4	Photoactive TiO2 films on cellulose fibers	Methylene blue (MB) and heptane-extracted bitumen fraction (BF) containing a mixture of heavy aromatic hydrocarbons	Reproducible solar light (50 mW/cm2).	Sol-gel method	The degradation ratio of MB reached 90% after 20 h and 90% for BF fraction after 9 h without loss of activity after three illumination cycles.	[106]
5	Rice-straw-derived hybrid TiO2–SiO2 structures	Methylene blue (MB)	UV-A (8 W) lamps (300–450 nm) providing an irradiation power flux of 2.0 mW/cm2.	Impregnation method.	The photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue after 90 min obtained was 100%.	[107]
6	Chitosan (CS)-encapsulated TiO2 nanohybrid	Methylene blue (MB)	UV light at a wavelength of 365 nm.	Nanohybrid materials was prepared by chemical precipitation method.	The catalyst showed high photocatalytic activity of 90% degradation after 3 h of irradiation and without losing photocatalytic activity after five recycle tests.	[100]
7	Fe3O4/chitosan/TiO2 nanocomposites	Methylene blue (MB)	Illumination with UV light.	Facile and low-cost method by solvents thermal reduction.	The degradation rate of methyl blue was 93% after 30 min for Fe3O4/CTS/TiO2 nanocomposites.	[108]