Figure 1.

Glycemic variability has no effect on PDAC proliferation. (A) Representative pictures of 399 and 634 cells in 2-dimensional culture system; scale bars, 25 μmol/L. (B) Colony formation results (left panel) and representative pictures (right panel) show glycemic variability has no effect on cell proliferation. (C) MTT assay shows comparable proliferation rate after long-term culturing in high-glucose (H) and low-glucose (L) medium. (D) Live cell counting results show similar proliferation rate of hyperglycemic (H) and hypoglycemic (L) PDAC cells. (E) FACS analysis for annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) demonstrates comparable apoptotic and necrotic rates of hyperglycemic (H) and hypoglycemic (L) PDAC cells. (F and G) 2DG and ¹⁸F-fludeoxyglucose–based glucose uptake assays determine glucose uptake rate in high-glucose cultured and low-glucose cultured PDAC cells. (H) Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) analysis show mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic activity, respectively, in high-glucose and low-glucose cultured PDAC cells. (I and J) ATP, ADP, and ADP/ATP ratio analysis determine basic cellular energy homeostasis in high-glucose and low-glucose cultured PDAC cells. All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation; data from 3 independent experiments are shown. Unpaired t test is used to examine statistical significance, *P < .05.