Table 1.

Conditions for penetration studies of drug solutions and NPs

Order number	APIs	Drug form	Donor cell	Receiver cell	Duration
1	LD	Free drug	Supersaturation in IPM, 3 mL	PBS (pH =7.4), 3 mL	8 h
2	IM	Free drug	Supersaturation in IPM, 3 mL	PBS (pH =7.4), 3 mL	8 h
3	5-FU	Free drug	Supersaturation in IPM, 3 mL	PBS (pH =7.4), 3 mL	8 h
4	Cur	Free drug	Suspended in gel, 0.25 mg/mL, 2 g	20% ethanol–water, 8 mL	24 h
5	Cur	50 nm NPs	NPs in gel, 0.25 mg/mL, 2 g	20% ethanol–water, 8 mL	24 h
6	Cur	150 nm NPs	NPs in gel, 0.25 mg/mL, 2 g	20% ethanol–water, 8 mL	24 h

Note: The experiments were performed at 32°C.

Abbreviations: 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; APIs, active pharmaceutical ingredients; Cur, curcumin; IM, indomethacin; IPM, isopropyl myristate; LD, lidocaine; NPs, nanoparticles.