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. 2018 Sep 21;8:14160. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32610-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Panel (a): Relative difference D_GR = abs[(GR_cond − GR_app)/GR_app] between GR_app and GR_cond (thin solid line), and the ratio ∂²:∂ of the second and first derivatives of the distribution at t_app (thick solid line) for LVOC at C_LVOC = 2∙10⁷ cm⁻³. Dotted grey line shows the difference between GR_TREND and GR_cond,vapor, where GR_cond,vapor includes only vapor (see Methods). Black dashed line shows the particle stability as the ratio of the evaporation and condensation rates. Panel (b): The size at which GR_app and GR_cond converge within 5%, and the size at which ∂²:∂ falls below 5% for different simulation cases (see Supplementary Information). The color and size of the markers depict the final vapor concentration C_vapor.