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. 2018 Sep 21;8:14210. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32010-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Melanoma cells exhibit anisotropic stiffening in the direction of cell migration. (a) Electron micrographs of the cells and attached beads on the cell membrane on flat and grooved substrata. X-axis refers to direction in parallel to grooves, and Y axis refers to the direction perpendicular to the grooves. (b,c) Material properties (stiffness and friction moduli) measured by Magnetic Twisting Cytometry over five decades of probing frequencies in cells cultured on flat (b) and nano-grooved (c) substrata. Data are presented as Geometric Mean ± SE (n = 254–940 individual cells on flat; n = 400–784 individual cells on groove). The solid lines are the fit of experimental data to the structural damping equation with addition of a Newtonian viscous term as previously described⁵⁵. (d,e) Stiffness measured at 10 Hz, showing anisotropic stiffening of WM35 and 1205Lu cells on the grooves.