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. 2017 Mar 20;22(3):490. doi: 10.3390/molecules22030490

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© 2017 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Comparison of three scenarios in terms of water loading, ionic liquid (IL) loading, annual operating costs (AOC), and minimum ethanol selling price (MESP). Scenario 1. The conventional ionic liquid process, including a water-washing step before simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF); Scenario 2. One-pot high-gravity (HG) PSF (pretreatment, saccharification, and fermentation) configuration for ethanol production from glucose; Scenario 3. A projected system based on the current one-pot high-gravity configuration plus co-fermentation of ethanol from both glucose and xylose. Adapted from Reference [139] with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry.