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. 2018 Sep 24;8:14249. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32451-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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M1-MDM stimulation with polarizing cytokines after infection further inhibits HIV-1 replication. (A) Experimental scheme. Seven days-old MDM were either left unstimulated (CTR) or were stimulated with IFN-γ plus TNF-α (M1-MDM) 18 h before HIV-1 infection (m.o.i = 0.1). A second stimulation of M1-MDM with the same polarizing cytokines was performed 7 days after infection (M1² MDM); as for the first stimulation, cytokine-enriched medium was removed 18 h later and replaced with complete medium. (B) M1² MDM show a superior capacity of curtailing HIV-1 replication than M1-MDM. Left panel: kinetics of supernatant-associated RT activity; right panel: Area under curve (AUC); statistical analysis by One-way ANOVA; **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001 (n = 8).