Table 2.
Clinical trials evaluating the effect of chlorogenic acid or chlorogenic acid-rich foods and supplements on the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome and associated disorders.
| Disorder | Chlorogenic Acid Source | Subjects (N = Total Number of Subjects) | Study Details | Experimental Findings | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obesity | Coffee Slender® | Overweight subjects, BMI 27.5–32 kg/m2 (N = 30) | Half volunteers drank Coffee Slender® (45 mg CGAs/g), other half drank normal instant coffee (30–40 mg CGAs/g), 5 cups/day (11 g of coffee/day) for 12 weeks. | Weight was significantly reduced (−5.4 kg) with Coffee Slender®. | [45] |
| CGAs-rich beverage | Healthy men, 36.1 ± 7.4 years old (N = 18) | Subjects consumed 185 mL of a test beverage with or without CGAs (329 mg) daily for 4 weeks. | CGAs beverage significantly increased postprandial energy expenditure and fat utilization. | [46] | |
| Diabetes | Pure chlorogenic acid | Overweight men, BMI 25–35 kg/m2 (N = 15) | Subjects were given 12 g decaffeinated coffee, 1 g chlorogenic acid, 500 mg trigonelline, or 1 g mannitol dissolved in 270 mL water. | Chlorogenic acid significantly reduced glucose and insulin concentrations (−0.7 mmol/L and −73 pmol/L, respectively) 15 min following an OGTT. | [47] |
| Instant coffee | Healthy subjects, 26 ± 3.2 years old, 4 men and 5 women, (N = 9) | Subjects consumed one of three 400-mL beverages: caffeinated coffee (40 mg CGAs/g), decaffeinated coffee (30 mg CGAs/g), or glucose dissolved in water. | Both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee beverages decreased significantly the GIP. Decaffeinated coffee increased significantly GLP-1. | [48] | |
| Coffee Slender® | Healthy subjects, BMI < 25 kg/m2, 6 men and 6 women (N = 12) | Subjects were given 400 mL of water with 25 g sucrose and 0 g coffee, 10 g decaffeinated instant coffee (30 mg CGAs/g), 10 g caffeinated instant coffee (40 mg CGAs/g), or 10 g Coffee Slender® (45 mg CGAs/g). | Glucose absorption was significantly reduced by 6.9% with Coffee Slender®. | [45] | |
| Decaffeinated GCE rich in CGAs | Healthy subjects with highest postprandial glucose levels, 10 men and 8 women (N = 18) | Subjects were given a carbohydrate-rich snack with 100 or 300 mg extract (13.9% chlorogenic acid DW) in 200 mL water, or 200 mL water alone. | Plasma glucose and AUC were significantly reduced with 100 mg extract beverage. | [49] | |
| Diabetes | EmulinTM (a patented blend of chlorogenic acid, myricetin, and quercetin) | Subjects with type 2 diabetes, 18+ years old, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (N = 40) | Subjects divided in four groups of 10: placebo/no medication, EmulinTM/no medication, placebo/ metformin, Emulin™/ metformin. Capsule of 250 mg (placebo or Emulin™) was given 15 min before OGTT, and 15 min before breakfast, lunch, and dinner every day for one week. | The EmulinTM/metformin group showed the most significant reduction in fasting blood, 2 h postprandial, actual peak, and AUC glucose up to 20%. | [50] |
| Hypertension | Pure chlorogenic acid | Healthy subjects, 4 men and 19 women (N = 23) | Subjects were given water (control) and 400 mg of chlorogenic acid dissolved in 200 mL of low nitrate water. | SBP and DBP were significantly reduced (−2.41 and −1.53 mmHg, respectively) with chlorogenic acid treatment. | [51] |
| Pure chlorogenic acid | Healthy subjects, both sexes (N = 14) | Subjects were given 0, 450, or 900 mg of chlorogenic acid, or 200 mg of (–)-epicatechin in random order 1 week apart. | No significant effect on BP or peak FMD. Significant increase in continuous FMD at 1 and 4 h with chlorogenic acid (900 mg). | [52] | |
| GCE | Men with mild hypertension, 30–50 years old (N = 117) | Subjects were given an instant soy sauce-flavored soup with GCE (equivalent to 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg chlorogenic acid) for 28 days. | Significant reductions of SBP and DBP (−4.7 and −3.2 mmHg, respectively) at minimal dose of 93 mg GCE/day. | [53] | |
| GCE | Subjects with mild hypertension, 11 men and 17 women (N = 28) | Half the subjects were given 125 mL/day of fruit and vegetable juice with 0.48 g GCE (140 mg CGAs/day), or the fruit and vegetable juice alone for 12 weeks. | SBP and DBP were significantly reduced by 6.9% and 7.7%, respectively with juice containing GCE. | [54] | |
| Metabolic syndrome | Kepar (supplement with chlorogenic acid, Curcuma longa, silymarin, guggul, and inulin) | Subjects with metabolic syndrome, 45 men and 33 women (N = 78) | Subjects were given 2 pills Kepar/day for 4 months as add-on therapy. | Kepar treatment significantly reduced body weight, BMI, waist circumference, fasting glucose, and total cholesterol (~2%, 1%, 3%, 1.5%, 6% decrease, respectively). | [35] |
Abbreviations: AUC = area under the curve, BMI = body mass index, BP = blood pressure, CGAs = chlorogenic acid and other related compounds (isomers, derivatives, and/or other quinic acid conjugates), DBP = diastolic blood pressure, DW = dry weight, FMD = flow-mediated dilation, GCE = green coffee extract, GIP = glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GLP-1 = glucagon-like peptide 1, OGTT = oral glucose tolerance test, SBP = systolic blood pressure.