Actual and projected future ice-free area in the Antarctic continent. New Antarctic ice-free area (km2) predicted to emerge between 2014 and 2098 under climate forcing scenario RCP8.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway). Bar colours represent map locations of bioregions. Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd.: J. R. Lee, B. Raymond, T. J. Bracegirdle, I. Chadès, R. A. Fuller, J. D. Shaw and A. Terauds, Nature, 2017, 547, 49–54, ©2017 (ref. 377).