Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of HCC cases and controls.
| HCC cases n = 278 |
Controls n = 823 |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (range) | 65 (33–93) | 64 (30–93) | 0.12 |
| Male sex, no. (%) | 218 (78) | 644 (78) | 0.95 |
| Race, no. (%) | <0.001 | ||
| White | 52 (19) | 235 (29)* | |
| Black (overall) | 19 (7) | 166 (20) | |
| Black: African immigrant | 14 (5) | 110 (13) | |
| Black: non-immigrant | 5 (2) | 56 (7) | |
| Asian | 199 (72) | 394 (48) | |
| Other | 8 (3) | 26 (3) | |
| Alcohol misuse diagnosis, no. (%) | 27 (10) | 73 (9) | 0.67 |
| HIV coinfection‡, no. (%) | 16 (6) | 87 (11) | 0.02 |
| Hepatitis C coinfection‡, no. (%) | 38 (14) | 126 (15) | 0.51 |
| Diabetes mellitus‡, no. (%) | 62 (22) | 188 (23) | 0.85 |
| Cirrhosis‡, no. (%) | 241 (87) | 239 (29) | <0.001 |
| Liver complications‡, no. (%) | |||
| Any of the following | 103 (37) | 79 (10) | <0.001 |
| Ascites | 37 (13) | 47 (6) | <0.001 |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 37 (13) | 26 (3) | <0.001 |
| Esophageal varices | 58 (21) | 24 (3) | <0.001 |
| Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis | 12 (4) | 10 (1) | <0.001 |
*Among 821 controls with non-missing race.
‡Definitions–Cirrhosis: FIB4 index >3.6 or ICD-9 CM code 571.x. HIV: ICD-9 CM codes 042, V08. Hepatitis C: positive hepatitis C virus antibody. Alcohol misuse: ICD-9 CM codes 291.x, 303.x or 305.0. Diabetes mellitus: ICD-9 CM code 250.x. Liver complications: respective ICD-9 CM codes for these diagnoses