Fig 3. In vitro effects of VIP on mitochondrial dysfunction caused by C. rodentium infection and cytokines.

An in vivo like in vitro intestinal mucosal model was treated with cytokines and infected in the presence and absence of VIP, and then six aspects of mitochondrial function were analyzed: (A) complex-I activity (B) complex-II-III activity (C) complex-IV activity (D) mitochondrial phosphorylation capacity (E) mitochondrial membrane potential and (F) mitochondrial ATP generation. Statistics: data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. (n = 4, biological replicates, results were pooled from two separate experiments) and analyzed by ANOVA with Student Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison post hoc test: * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001.