Fig 4. Effects of VIP on restoring the decreased levels of mitochondrial respiratory enzyme complexes caused by cytokines and C. rodentium infection in vitro.

An in vivo like in vitro intestinal mucosal model was treated with cytokines and infected in the presence and absence of VIP, stained immunohistochemically and the intensity of the stain was scored. (A) Semi-quantification for complex I (MTND6 antibody), (B) complex-II (SDHA antibody) (C) complex-III (CYC1 antibody) and (D) complex-IV (CCO-VIc antibody). Statistics: data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. (n = 4, biological replicates, results were pooled from two separate experiments) and analyzed by ANOVA with Student Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison post hoc test: * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001.