Table 6.
Poly-aromatic epoxy monomers from crude bio-mass and thermal properties of the cured materials.
| Epoxy | Curing Agent | Tg (°C) or Tα (°C) | Td,5% (°C) | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Materials | DGEBA Comparison | ||||
| Epoxidized depolymerized kraft lignin | Diethylenetriamine | - | - | 252 d | [186] |
| 4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane | - | - | 290 d | ||
| Epoxidized depolymerized organosolv lignin | Diethylenetriamine | - | - | 228 d | |
| 4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane | - | - | 257 d | ||
 |
Phenol Novolac | 94 | 95 | - | [189] |
 |
134 | - | |||
| Epoxidized lignin (Cedar) | Phenol Novolac (TD2131) | - | - | 293 | [190] |
| Lignin (Cedar) | - | - | 296 | ||
| Epoxidized lignin (Eucalyptus) | Phenol Novolac (TD2131) | - | - | 275 | |
| Lignin (Eucalyptus) | - | - | 274 | ||
| Epoxidized lignin (Bamboo) | Phenol Novolac (TD2131) | - | - | 266 | |
| Lignin (Bamboo) | - | - | 259 | ||
| Epoxidized green tea extract | Isophorone Diamine | 142 a,b | 140 a,b | 256/267 c | [193] |
| Epoxidized cardanol (NC514) | Isophorone Diamine | 50 a,b | 155 a,b | 350 | [205] |
| Jeffamine T403 | 23 | 70 | 352 e | [198] | |
| Isophorone Diamine | 41 | 121 | 350 e | ||
| 50/59 b | 158/158 b | 366 e/363 c,e | [196] | ||
| Jeffamine D400 | 15/9 b | - | 362 e/361 c,e | ||
| PE-C9-NH2 | 13 | 279 | - | [141] | |
| PE-C18-NH2 | 14 | 284 | - | ||
| Phenalkamine NX5454 | 30/38 a,b | - | 325 f/322 c,f | [206] | |
| Cardanol cysteamine | 19/21 a,b | - | 328 f/311 c,f | ||
a Tα measured by DMA at the peak position of loss modulus curve; b Tα measured by DMA at the maximum of tan δ; c Td under air flow; d IDT = initial decomposition temperature; e Td,30%; f Td,10%.