Table 2.

Antidiabetic activity of phlorotannin extracts *.

Extract	Source	Activity	Reference
Acetone	Fucus vesiculosus	↓ AGEs formation	[49]
Dieckol-rich extract	Ecklonia cava	↓Postprandial hyperglycaemia ↓ Serum insulin ↑Glucokinase activity ↓ G6P activity	[51,52]
Ethyl acetate	Sargassum aquifolium	α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition ↓Postprandial hyperglycaemia	[53]
Ethyl acetate	Ecklonia stolonifera	AR inhibition	[37]
Fucophloroethol-rich extract	Fucus distichus	α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition	[54]
Methanol	Sargassum ringgoldianum	α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition ↓Postprandial hyperglycaemia	[55]
Methanol	Sargassum polycystum	↓ AGEs formation	[56]
Methanol	Spatoglossum asperum	α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition	[57]
Methanol	Padina pavonica	↓ AGEs formation	[56]
Methanol	Turbinaria ornata	↓ AGEs formation	[56]
Methanol (80%)	Ishige okamurae	↓ Blood glucose levels ↑ Insulin sensitivity	[58]
Water:acetonitrile (50:50 v/v)	Ascophyllum nodosum	α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition	[59]
Water/Ethanol	Ascophyllum nodosum Fucus spiralis	α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition	[60]
Water:methanol (25:75 v/v)	Padina pavonica	α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition	[48]
Water	Ascophyllum nodosum Fucus vesiculosus	α-Glucosidase inhibition α-Amylase inhibition ↓ Postprandial hyperglycaemia ↓ Serum insulin ↓ Insulin secretion ↑ Insulin sensitivity	[61]

* AGEs: advanced glycation end-products; AR: aldose reductase; G6P: glucose-6-phosphatase.