Table 4.
Human trial design description of grape polyphenols impact in diabetes.
| Study Ref | Subject Description | Trial Type | n | Product | Intake (per Day) | Duration | Condition at Testing | Significant Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yamakoshi et al. 2001 [116] | Healthy and elderly inpatients | Crossover R | 33 | Grape seed extract | 0.5 g | 2 wk | Freshly voided fecal by direct defecation | ↑ Bifidobacterium |
| Queipo-Ortuno et al. 2012 [117] | Healthy | Crossover R C | 10 (10 M, 0 F) | Red wine and dealcoholized red wine | 272 mL | 20 days | Fecal samples before and after treatment. Fasted blood and 24-h urine | ↑ Bifidobacterium |
| Kar et al. 2009 [118] | T2D subjects 61.8 ± 6.36 yr | Crossover R PC DB | 32 (16 M, 16 F) | Grape seed extract | 600 mg | 4 wk | Fasted | ↓ Fructosamine (p = 0.0004) ↓ TC (p = 0.05) TG and HDL-C stables |
| Urquiaga et al. 2015 [119] | Metabolic syndrome | Crossover R C | 38 | Red wine grape pomace | 20 g | 16 wk | Fasted | ↓ Postprandial insulin (p < 0.05) ↓ Protein damage |
| Banini et al. 2006 [120] | T2D subjects | Crossover R C | 29 | Grape juice, wine and dealcoholized wine | 150 mL | 28 days | Fasted | ↓ blood glucose, insulin and glycated hemoglobin |
| Chiva-Blanch et al. 2013 [121] | High CVD risk 60 ± 8 yr | Crossover R C | 67 (67 M, 0 F) | Red wine and dealcoholized red wine | 272 mL | 4 wk | Fasted and 24-h urine | ↓ insulin value ↓ LDL-C and ↑HLD-C ↓ Apo-B |
Abbreviations: C, controlled; CVD, cardio vascular disease; DB, double blind; F, female; M, male; PC, placebo controlled; R, randomized; yr, year; wk, week.