Table 1.
Identification methods and biological functions of recognized BV enzymes.
| BV Enzyme | Identification Method | Biological Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| PLA2 | Reversed phase HPLC on different columns with an acetonitrile-water-trifluoro acetic acid eluent system, nano-LC/MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS system, shotgun LC-FT-ICR MS analysis | Causes destruction of phospholipids and dissolves the cell membrane of blood cells. Lowers blood coagulation and blood pressure, prevents neuronal cell death caused by prion peptides. Prevents acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity through CD4+, CD25+, Foxp3+ and T cells (Treg) in mice. |
[17,18,19,20,21] |
| Phospholipase B | Paper chromatography and also paper electrophoresis | Causes cleavage of lysolectin and thus detoxification. Has the combined activity of PLA1 and PLA2. Enhances the activity of PLA2. Cleaves lysophospholipid into glycerophosphocholine and anionic fatty acids. |
[16,18,19,20,22] |
| Hyaluronidase | Reverse-phase HPLC on different columns with an acetonitrile-water-trifluoroacetic acid eluent system, nano-LC/MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS system, shotgun LC-FT-ICR MS analysis | Degrades hyaluronic acid, enabling the penetration of venom into tissue. Causes dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels and thus increased blood circulation. |
[17,18,19,20] |
| Acid phosphatase | 1-D SDS PAGE in gel digest followed by LC-ESI-LTQ-FT-ICR-MS, nano-LC/MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS system, shotgun LC-FT-ICR MS analysis | Potent histamine releaser from human sensitized basophils. May be exploited in immunotherapy against BV. |
[23] |
| α-glucosidase | Salting-out chromatography, DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-sepharose CL-6B, Bio-Gel P-150, and CM-toyopearl 650M column chromatographies, shotgun LC-FT-ICR MS analysis | Involved in honey production. | [24,25] |
Abbreviations: HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography; DEAE cellulose: Diethylaminoethyl cellulose; 1D-SDS PAGE: 1-dimensional sodium dodesylsulphate gel electrophoresis; LC-FT-ICR MS analysis: Liquid chromatography Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry analysis; MALDI: Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization.