Table 2.
Scavenging of DPPH radical, 15-LO, XO, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity of phenolic compounds from elderflower. IC50 values ± SD are shown.
| Test Compound | DPPH 1 (µM) | 15-LO 1 (µM) | XO 1 (µM) | α-Glucosidase 2 (µM) | α-Amylase 3 (µM) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic Compounds | |||||
| Quercetin 1 | 9.3 ± 1.5 | 95.9 ± 1.3 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 0.5 |
| Quercetin-3-glucoside | 17.6 ± 3.2 | 102.3 ± 5.3 | 105.9 ± 5.3 | 4.1 ± 1.9 | 3.0 ± 1.2 |
| Quercetin-3-rhamnoside | 19.1 ± 2.1 | 108.4 ± 4.6 | 104.6 ± 4.6 | 3.9 ± 1.4 | 3.5 ± 0.9 |
| Rutin (Quercetin-3-rutinoside) | 22.5 ± 1.6 | 99.3 ± 1.1 | 42.9 ± 2.9 | 4.6 ± 2.3 | 4.1 ± 0.8 |
| Kaempferol | 10.6 ± 3.9 | 93.7 ± 3.7 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 1.2 | 3.6 ± 1.1 |
| Kaempferol-3-rutinoside | 30.6 ± 3.9 | 108.7 ± 5.6 | 63.8 ± 2.1 | 23.9 ± 1.1 | 19.1 ± 0.5 |
| Isorhamnetin | 63.3 ± 2.3 | 103.1 ± 2.4 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 8.1 ± 3.1 | 7.5 ± 0.9 |
| Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside | 85.0 ± 2.1 | 115.3 ± 6.2 | 125.0 ± 3.9 | 25.2 ± 2.9 | 26.2 ± 0.7 |
| Naringenin | 23.3 ± 1.4 | 124.1 ± 3.5 | 95.1 ± 4.5 | 7.5 ± 1.1 | 6.2 ± 1.1 |
| Catechin | 19.0 ± 1.1 | 128.1 ± 5.9 | >167 | 18.5 ± 2.2 | 14.1 ± 0.8 |
| Epicatechin | 15.6 ± 2.3 | 115.6 ± 7.9 | >167 | 12.1 ± 2.3 | 9.7 ± 2.1 |
| Caffeic acid | 90.3 ± 4.3 | 125.9 ± 4.7 | 107.3 ± 3.2 | 18.5 ± 0.9 | 13.9 ± 0.7 |
| Chlorogenic acid | 17.5 ± 3.9 | 106.2 ± 2.3 | 24.2 ± 5.3 | 10.5 ± 2.1 | 9.1 ± 1.1 |
| Neochlorogenic acid | 19.6 ± 1.6 | 115.1 ± 5.8 | 26.2 ± 3.1 | 13.1 ± 1.3 | 15.4 ± 3.2 |
| Metabolites | |||||
| Benzoic acid | 145.3 ± 5.8 | 137.6 ± 6.5 | >167 | 128.9 ± 3.8 | 124.1 ± 5.3 |
| 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | 125.3 ± 4.8 | 133.9 ± 5.8 | >167 | 68.9 ± 3.8 | 44.8 ± 5.3 |
| 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid | 115.9 ± 1.4 | 135.5 ± 7.3 | >167 | 78.5 ± 1.6 | 74.9 ± 1.7 |
| 4-Methylcatechol | 40.5 ± 3.6 | 129.0 ± 5.2 | >167 | 98.9 ± 3.5 | 94.8 ± 6.8 |
1 Quercetin was used as positive control in DPPH, 15-LO and XO assays; 2 Acarbose was used as a positive control (IC50 131.2 ± 9.3 µM); 3 Acarbose was used as a positive control (IC50 113.5 ± 4.6 µM).