Table 2.

Biological activities of different compounds present in cotton.

Compounds	Biological Activity	References
Terpenes
camphene	Aromatic properties, antioxidants effects	[21]
limonene	Flavouring properties. gastro-protective effects, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity	[28,142]
myrcene	Analgesic effects, anti-microbial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-catabolic activity	[171,172]
α and β-pinene	Gastro-protective effects, anti- microbial and ant-inflammatory effects	[28,174,180]
sabinene	Anti-microbial activity, anti-oxidant activity	[21]
α-thujene	Pungent activity	[21]
caryophyllene	Ant-inflammatory effects, anti-microbial activity, regulation of cellular lipid metabolism, flavouring properties	[27,32,181,182]
farnesene	Anti-oxidant effects	[179]
humulene	Anti-inflammatory properties, aromatic properties and cytotoxic activity	[29,32]
bisabolol	Aromatic properties, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-carcinogenic activity, anti-microbial and anti-oxidative properties	[28,183,184]
caryophyllene oxide	Cytotoxic activity, phytogrowth inhibition, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity	[177] [26,185]
3,10-dihydroxy-1,3,5,7-cadinatetraen-9-one	Phytoalexin, antifungal agent	[92,186]
β-sitosterol	Antimicrobial activity, anti-hypercholesteraemic and anti-inflammatory activity	[18,28]
strigol	Germination stimulant	[96,187,188]
2,3,9-trihydroxy-1,3,5,7,9-cadinapentaen-14-al; 3-Me ether	Phytoalexin	[99]
2,8,9-trihydroxy-1,3,5,7,9-cadinapentaen-14-al; 8-deoxy	Antifungal activity	[92]
Phenols
chlorogenic acid	Anti-oxidant and anti-mutagenic activity	[144]
gallic acid	Antioxidant activity, cytotoxic activity	[189,190]
4-hydroxybenzoic acid	Anti-microbial activity, used as preservative, oestrogenic activity, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity	[175,176,191]
gossypol; (+)-form	Contraceptive and hypokalemic activity	[30,192,193]
3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavan; (2S,3R)-form	Cytotoxic and phytotoxic activity	[194,195]
3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone; 3′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside	Enzyme inhibitor, cytotoxic, anti-oxidant activity	[196]
scopoletin	Anti-spasmodic and anti-inflammatory activity	[19]
Fatty acids
11,14-eicosadienoic acid	Hormonal activity	[18]
hexadecanoic acid	Anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activity	[197]
octadecanoic acid	Pharmaceutical excipient, surfactant and softening activity	[198]
9-octadecenoic acid; (Z)-form	Insecticidal, anti-bacterial and fungicidal activity	[199,200,201]
tetradecanoic acid	Defoaming agent, flavour adjuvant used in food processing	[202]
Carbohydrates
cellulose	Capsule and tablet diluent	[203]
Proteins
3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase	Enzyme activity	[119]
vicilin	Anti-hypertensive activity	[204]