Table1.

Studies about Augmented Reality in Neurosurgery

Author	Date	Subspecialty	Lesions	Pathology/ location	Real data source	Virtual data source	Tracking modality	Registration technique	Visualization processing	Display type	Perception location
Doyle W.K.	1996	NO (Epilepsy)	40	N/A	See Visualization Processing and display type	CT, MRI	Magnetic tracker	Fiducial markers and others (N/A)	Standard Nav. view: MRI slices + pointer	PC monitor or semitrans. head-up display	Stand up or semitrans. head-up display
Iseki H. et al.	1997	NO/NV	6	Glioblastoma/ frontal x2, Hematoma/ frontal, Meningioma/ frontal, Meningioma/ ventricle, Meningioma/ skull base,	Unaided view of the patient	CT, MRI	None	Manual	Light field rendering	Light field display and half mirror at 45°	Patient
Masutani Y. et al.	1998	NV (endovascular)	3	Aneurysm MCA, Aneurysm MCA+ basilar apex	X-ray fluoroscopy	CTA, MRA	None	Fiducial markers	Texture maps	Monitor	External monitor
King A.P et al.	1999	NO/NV	4	Cyst/bilateral petrous apex, AVM/ central sulcus, Unknown lesion/ facial nerve,	Microscope	CT, MRI	Optical tracker	Skull or dental-fixed fiducials	Wireframe and texture maps	Microscope oculars (via a beam splitter)	Patient
Kawamata T. et al.	2002	NO	12	Adenoma/ pituitary x12	Endoscope	CT, MRI	Optical tracker	Fiducial markers	Wireframe and color map (code color-distance)	Monitor	Endoscope monitor
Edwards P.J. et al.	2004	NO/NV	17	AVM /cortical superficial, Meningioma/ clivus, Meningioma / parietal, Meningioma/ subfrontal x2, Meningioma / ethmoidal, Schwannoma/ vestibular x2, Epidermoid, Jugular glomus tumor, Neuroblastoma/olfactory Carcinoma/ ethmoidal x3, Unknown lesion/ carotid, Cystic lesion /petrous apex, Angioma/ facial nerve,	Microscope	CT, MRI	Optical tracker	Skull or dental-fixed fiducials	Wireframe and texture maps	Microscope oculars (via a beam splitter)	Patient
Paul P. et al.	2005	NO/NV	6	Cavernoma/ frontal. Cavernoma/ temporal, Cavernoma/ central. Glioma/ frontal x3	Microscope	MRI, fMRI, MEG	Optical Tracker	Manual, fiducial markers, skin surface	Texture maps	Monitor of Nav.	Monitor of Nav.
Lovo E.E. et al.	2006	NO/NV/ nNO-nNV	8	Glioblastoma/ parietal, Ependymoma /ventricle Metastasis/ frontal, Hydrocephalus, Neuroepitelial tumor/ temporal, Infarct/ cerebellar Oligodendroglioma/ temporal, Hemangioblastoma/ cerebellar	Hand-held digital camera	CT, MRI, MRA	None	Manual	Transparencies	Monitor	Stand up monitor
Stadie A.T. et al.	2009	NV	16	Cavernoma/ unknown x16	Microscope	CT, MRI	Optical tracker	Skin surface (face)	Surface mesh	Microscope eye-piece	Patient
Kockro R.A. et al.	2009	NO/NV	12	Meningioma /petroclival, Meningioma /sphenoidal, Meningioma /falcine x2, Glioma /parietal, Glioblastoma /frontal, Glioblastoma /temporal, Glioblastoma /frontoparietal, Metastasis /cerebellar, AVM /cerebellar, Aneurysm /PICA Cavernoma /occipital	Lipstick-shaped video-camera	CT, MRI, MRA	Optical tracker	Manual (refined by moving the tracked camera)	Transparencies	Monitor	Stand up monitor
Low D. et al.	2010	NO	5	Meningioma/ falcine Meningioma/ parasagittal x3 Meningioma/ convexity	Lipstick-shaped video-camera	CT, MRI, fMRI, MRA	Optical tracker	Manual (refined by moving the tracked camera)	Transparencies	Monitor	Stand up monitor
Inoue D. et al.	2013	NV	3	Meningioma/ convexity x2, Glioblastoma/corpus callosum	Handheld or headheld camera	CT, MRI, tractography	Optical tracker	Fiducial Markers	Surface mesh (3D)	Monitor	Stand up monitor
Deng W. et al.	2014	NO	3	“Tumors”/unknown x3	Tablet camera	CT, MRI	Optical tracker	Fiducial Markers	Surface mesh (3D), transparencies	Tablet monitor	Patient through tablet
Cabrilo I. et al.	03/ 2014	NV	39	Aneurysm/ Int. Carotid x3 Aneurysm/ Acomm x8 Aneurysm/ MCA x21 Aneurysm/ Pcomm x5 Aneurysm/ PCA Aneurysm/ SCA	Microscope	MRA, CTA, angiography	Optical Tracker (Nav.)	Skin surface (face)	Surface mesh (or surface contours)	Microscope eye-piece	Patient
Cabrilo I. et al.	07/ 2014	NV	5	AVM/frontal AVM/parietal AVM/temporal AVM/ occipital AVM/ insular	Microscope	MRA, CTA, angiography	Optical Tracker (Nav.)	Skin surface (face)	Surface mesh (or surface contours)	Microscope eye-piece	Patient
Cabrilo I. et al.	2015	NV	4	Moya-Moya/STA-MCA x3 Vertebral art. dissection/ Occipital art-PCA	Microscope	MRA, CTA, angiography	Optical Tracker (Nav.)	Skin surface (face)	Surface mesh (or surface contours)	Microscope eye-piece	Patient
Kantelhardt S.R. et al.	2015	NO	7	Metastasis/ frontal x3 Glioma/ temporoparietal Metastasis/ parietal x3	Microscope	CT, MRI	Optical tracker	Skin surface (face)	Surface mesh	Microscope eye-piece	Patient
Besharati Tabrizi L. et al.	2015	NO	5	Metastasis/ supratentorial x3 Glioblastoma/ supratentorial x2	Unaided view of the patient	CT, MRI	None	Manual	Surface mesh	Projector	Patient

Acomm, anterior communicating artery; AVM, arterovenous malformation; CTA, angio-CT; MCA, middle cerebral artery; MEG, magnetoencephalography; MRA, angio-MRI, Nav, neuronavigator; NO, neuro-oncology; NV, neurovascular; nNO-nNV, non neuro-oncology non-neurovascular; Pcomm, posterior communicating artery; PCA, posterior cerebral artery; SCA, superior cerebellar artery; semitrans., semitransparent.