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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosurg Rev. 2016 May 7;40(4):537–548. doi: 10.1007/s10143-016-0732-9

Table1.

Studies about Augmented Reality in Neurosurgery

 Author Date Subspecialty Lesions Pathology/ location Real data source  Virtual data source Tracking modality Registration technique Visualization processing  Display type  Perception location
Doyle W.K.  1996 NO (Epilepsy) 40 N/A See Visualization Processing and display type CT, MRI Magnetic tracker Fiducial markers and others (N/A) Standard Nav. view: MRI slices + pointer PC monitor or semitrans. head-up display Stand up or semitrans. head-up display
Iseki H.
et al.
 1997 NO/NV
6 Glioblastoma/ frontal x2,
Hematoma/ frontal,
Meningioma/ frontal,
Meningioma/ ventricle,
Meningioma/ skull base,
Unaided view of the patient CT, MRI None Manual Light field rendering Light field display and half mirror at 45° Patient
Masutani Y. et al.  1998 NV (endovascular) 3 Aneurysm MCA,
Aneurysm MCA+ basilar apex
X-ray fluoroscopy CTA, MRA None Fiducial markers
Texture maps Monitor External monitor
King A.P
et al.
1999 NO/NV 4 Cyst/bilateral petrous apex,
AVM/ central sulcus,
Unknown lesion/ facial nerve,
Microscope CT, MRI Optical tracker Skull or dental-fixed fiducials Wireframe and texture maps Microscope oculars (via a beam splitter) Patient
Kawamata T. et al. 2002 NO
12 Adenoma/ pituitary x12 Endoscope CT, MRI Optical tracker Fiducial markers Wireframe and color map (code color-distance) Monitor Endoscope monitor
Edwards P.J. et al. 2004 NO/NV 17 AVM /cortical superficial,
Meningioma/ clivus,
Meningioma / parietal,
Meningioma/ subfrontal x2,
Meningioma / ethmoidal, Schwannoma/ vestibular x2,
Epidermoid,
Jugular glomus tumor,
Neuroblastoma/olfactory
Carcinoma/ ethmoidal x3,
Unknown lesion/ carotid,
Cystic lesion /petrous apex,
Angioma/ facial nerve,
Microscope CT, MRI Optical tracker Skull or dental-fixed fiducials Wireframe and texture maps Microscope oculars (via a beam splitter) Patient
Paul P.
et al.
2005 NO/NV 6 Cavernoma/ frontal.
Cavernoma/ temporal,
Cavernoma/ central.
Glioma/ frontal x3
Microscope MRI, fMRI, MEG Optical Tracker Manual,
fiducial markers, skin surface
Texture maps Monitor of Nav. Monitor of Nav.
Lovo E.E.
et al.
2006 NO/NV/
nNO-nNV
8 Glioblastoma/ parietal,
Ependymoma /ventricle
Metastasis/ frontal,
Hydrocephalus,
Neuroepitelial tumor/ temporal,
Infarct/ cerebellar
Oligodendroglioma/ temporal,
Hemangioblastoma/ cerebellar
Hand-held digital camera CT, MRI, MRA None Manual Transparencies Monitor Stand up monitor
Stadie A.T. et al. 2009 NV 16 Cavernoma/ unknown x16 Microscope CT, MRI Optical tracker Skin surface (face) Surface mesh Microscope eye-piece Patient
Kockro R.A. et al. 2009 NO/NV 12 Meningioma /petroclival,
Meningioma /sphenoidal,
Meningioma /falcine x2,
Glioma /parietal,
Glioblastoma /frontal,
Glioblastoma /temporal,
Glioblastoma /frontoparietal,
Metastasis /cerebellar,
AVM /cerebellar,
Aneurysm /PICA
Cavernoma /occipital
Lipstick-shaped video-camera CT, MRI, MRA Optical tracker Manual (refined by moving the tracked camera) Transparencies Monitor Stand up monitor
Low D.
et al.
2010 NO 5 Meningioma/ falcine
Meningioma/ parasagittal x3
Meningioma/ convexity
Lipstick-shaped video-camera CT, MRI, fMRI, MRA Optical tracker Manual (refined by moving the tracked camera) Transparencies Monitor Stand up monitor
Inoue D.
et al.
2013 NV 3 Meningioma/ convexity x2,
Glioblastoma/corpus callosum
Handheld or headheld camera CT, MRI, tractography Optical tracker Fiducial Markers Surface mesh (3D) Monitor Stand up monitor
Deng W.
et al.
2014 NO 3 “Tumors”/unknown x3 Tablet camera CT, MRI Optical tracker Fiducial Markers Surface mesh (3D), transparencies Tablet monitor Patient through tablet
Cabrilo I.
et al.
03/
2014
NV 39 Aneurysm/ Int. Carotid x3
Aneurysm/ Acomm x8
Aneurysm/ MCA x21
Aneurysm/ Pcomm x5
Aneurysm/ PCA
Aneurysm/ SCA
Microscope MRA,
CTA,
angiography
Optical Tracker
(Nav.)
Skin surface (face) Surface mesh
(or surface contours)
Microscope eye-piece Patient
Cabrilo I.
et al.
07/
2014
NV 5 AVM/frontal
AVM/parietal
AVM/temporal
AVM/ occipital
AVM/ insular
Microscope MRA,
CTA,
angiography
Optical Tracker
(Nav.)
Skin surface (face) Surface mesh
(or surface contours)
Microscope eye-piece Patient
Cabrilo I.
et al.
2015 NV 4 Moya-Moya/STA-MCA x3
Vertebral art. dissection/
Occipital art-PCA
Microscope MRA,
CTA,
angiography
Optical Tracker (Nav.) Skin surface (face) Surface mesh
(or surface contours)
Microscope eye-piece Patient
Kantelhardt S.R. et al. 2015 NO 7 Metastasis/ frontal x3
Glioma/ temporoparietal
Metastasis/ parietal x3
Microscope CT, MRI Optical tracker Skin surface (face) Surface mesh Microscope eye-piece Patient
Besharati Tabrizi L.
et al.
2015 NO 5 Metastasis/ supratentorial x3
Glioblastoma/ supratentorial x2
Unaided view of the patient CT, MRI None Manual Surface mesh Projector Patient

Acomm, anterior communicating artery; AVM, arterovenous malformation; CTA, angio-CT; MCA, middle cerebral artery; MEG, magnetoencephalography; MRA, angio-MRI, Nav, neuronavigator; NO, neuro-oncology; NV, neurovascular; nNO-nNV, non neuro-oncology non-neurovascular; Pcomm, posterior communicating artery; PCA, posterior cerebral artery; SCA, superior cerebellar artery; semitrans., semitransparent.